tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-55670273320865280462024-03-12T20:55:57.019-07:00caledonian cables&wireAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14855478605325661321noreply@blogger.comBlogger25125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5567027332086528046.post-31515537057214577682016-12-13T22:00:00.002-08:002016-12-13T22:00:33.201-08:00Specialized Thermoplastics HPTPs<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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High-performance thermoplastics (HPTPs) are specialized polymers used for demanding applications, largely due to their thermal resistance in comparison to engineering thermoplastics (ETPs) such as nylons and polycarbonates (PC). One tradeoff, however, is that their prices are often higher.</div>
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In general, economics play a major role in product design, says Anthony Vicari, Advanced Materials Lead Analyst at Lux Research.</div>
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“When designing a product, companies will choose the cheapest material that meets their needs; an expensive HPTP like Polyetherimide (PEI) or Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is not freely chosen if a cheaper ETP like PC can suffice.”</div>
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A thermoplastic is a plastic type made from polymer resins that becomes hard when cooled and a homogenized liquid when heated. However, when frozen, it becomes glass-like and easily fractures. A variety of thermoplastics exist, with each type varying in crystalline structure and density.</div>
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HPTPs are also typically defined as high-temperature thermoplastics with a melting point above 150 °C.</div>
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“A high melting point for a thermoplastic correlates with other important characteristics such as mechanical strength and chemical resistance/inertness,” says Vicari.</div>
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Commodity thermoplastics, ETPs, and HPTPs fall into a structure often depicted as a “thermoplastic performance pyramid” with HPTPs at the top. Vicari says that, in general, the higher the performance of the polymer, the higher its price and location on the pyramid. The pyramid itself is divided into four stages with each stage split into two categories: amorphous and semi-crystalline. The four stages of plastics from bottom to top are: commodity, engineering, high temperature, and extreme temperature.</div>
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Over time, advances in polymer quality, polymer processing, and product design are improving the performance of ETPs. This may blur the distinction between the higher performing ETPs like PC and the lower performing HPTPs like Polysulfone (PSU), making substitutions possible in some cases, says Vicari. The average yearly global growth rates for the major ETPs are around 4%.</div>
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Thermoplastics and Market Demands</div>
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“Demand for polymers in general continues to rise, and with that the demand for HPTPs,” Vicari says. “Across a broad spectrum of applications, companies continue to demand higher performing products, requiring higher performing materials.”</div>
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For example, PEEK is a linear thermoplastic that can be processed in a temperature range of 350-420°C with excellent chemical and temperature resistance and mechanical strength. It has applications in environments such as nuclear and chemical plants, oil and geothermal wells, and high-pressure steam valves. Major manufacturers include Victrex, Solvay, Evonik, and Arkema.</div>
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Key HPTP markets include medical, aerospace, electronics, automotive, oil and gas (O&G), and, more recently, 3-D printing or additive manufacturing.</div>
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Over the past three decades, the use of plastics in automotive applications has grown due to their light weight and, therefore, superior fuel efficiency in comparison to metal. HPTPs and ETPs also offer more design flexibility, helping to reduce development time and cost. Current trends are mainly influenced by cost and weight reduction, environmental considerations, and recycling from end-of-life vehicles.</div>
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At present, only some ETPs like polycarbonate can be recycled. “In general, recycling results in some loss of material properties compared to virgin material, so recycled plastics are used in less demanding applications,” says Vicari.</div>
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The HPTP market faces several challenges. First, companies discover and bring to market new polymers only rarely. Most advances are developments of new grades or blends of existing polymers.</div>
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Second, only a few markets like aerospace and oil and gas can support the costs associated with the highest performing polymers. This limits growth for those materials at the high end, while improvements in ETP performance outlined earlier limit growth at the low end of the HPTP market.</div>
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Third, in addition to raw material cost, the high melting points that make HPTPs useful also make processing these materials more difficult and expensive, says Vicari.</div>
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On the other hand, opportunities include growth in the fiber reinforced composites market, efforts toward light weighting in aerospace and transportation, and 3-D printing. In the case of 3-D printing, intrinsically high HPTP performance can compensate for the lower quality of print versus molded plastics.</div>
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Fabrication Processes and Prospects</div>
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The thermoplastics fabrication industry has been evolving for decades, starting at least in 1926 with production of one of the first commercial inject molding machines by Ziegler and Eckert.</div>
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Typically, a fabrication process depends largely on the end-use application and required properties of the product. For example, applications in the automotive, manufacturing, and electronics sectors rely on injection molding and to a growing extent 3-D printing. Meanwhile, food and medical applications use thermoforming. Other technologies include blown film, compounding, and extrusion.</div>
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Potential entrants to the thermoplastic fabrication industry are likely to face various road-blocks along with a few opportunities depending on the type of technology they choose. In general, limiting factors according to the consultancy Nexant include: rising environmental concerns along with stringent government standards and regulations, higher power costs corresponding to increased throughput, and inter-polymer resin competition for injection molded applications.</div>
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As demand for plastics continue to rise above GDP figures globally, interest exists for using various materials and resin blends and developing machine processing versatility.</div>
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Over the last decade, interest in 3-D printing has increased resulting in growing competition among developers, says Nexant. Despite the potential market, limited materials and initial high capital investment costs associated with 3-D printers can be constraining factors. Regardless, 3-D printing offers the potential for ongoing technology advancement driven by printer performance, multi-material compatibly, and capability to yield finished products.</div>
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Compounding and Injection Molding</div>
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Polymer compounding is a standard practice, and critical for producing important co-polymer blends and composite material, says Vicari. For example, materials range from automobile tires, to glass fiber and carbon fiber composites are end products.</div>
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Compounds can almost always be designed to match a customer's needs better and, sometimes, at a lower cost compared to uncompounded resins or non-polymer based materials. Commonly, polymers are compounded for injection-molding applications with the addition of fibers or mineral fillers for reinforcement along with a range of several plastics additives such as impact modifiers, lubricants, thermal and ultraviolet (UV) stabilizers, pigments, and other materials.</div>
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The late 1940s and 1950s marked the emergence of injection molding as commercialization of large-volume thermoplastic resins took place. The process offers several advantages, including high production rates, low labor costs, and minimal scrap losses, among others. However, expensive molds and equipment are a disadvantage as molds often cannot be readily interchanged between different plastics.</div>
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Today, injection molding trends focus on more compact, reliable, easier operability of molding machines in addition to techniques to reduce capital and operation costs, says Nexant.</div>
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Simply put, the injection molding process involves placing plastic pellets in an extruder, allowing them to melt and take the shape of the mold cavity, where the melt is cooled and solidified. This process occurs in cycles, with each cycle ejecting a specified number of plastic parts per the number of cavities in the mold.</div>
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Lastly, the largest market for injection molded plastics is Asia, specifically China, with North America and Western Europe also presenting market opportunities. Currently, the automotive industry is driving demand as plastics weigh lighter than other materials that makeup a vehicle.</div>
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Original website: <a data-mce-href="http://insights.globalspec.com/article/3540/specialized-thermoplastics-in-an-evolving-global-market" href="http://insights.globalspec.com/article/3540/specialized-thermoplastics-in-an-evolving-global-market" rel="nofollow" style="color: #00aadc;" target="_blank">http://insights.globalspec.com/arti...</a></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14855478605325661321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5567027332086528046.post-37646638675452782522016-12-07T00:34:00.000-08:002016-12-07T00:34:12.772-08:00LEDs Electrify Energy Management Efforts<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The news about lighting is that there has been a revolution in solid-state lighting (SSL).</div>
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The extent of the revolution can be gleaned from Dr. Mark Rea, director of the Lighting Research Center (LRC) at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in New York. “There was a story line in lighting that you never displace a light source, you can only add a new one to the family,” he says. “LEDs have changed all that.”</div>
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Rea says that LEDs can compete with any lighting technology and do a better job. Because LEDs use so little power, the only cost-effective energy-saving lighting control strategy involves an occupancy sensor and a switch. Rea says that the old “ballistic” model of control that was used until a few years ago makes less economic sense. That model is based on the notion of launching an on/off or dimming message and seldom if ever looking for feedback.</div>
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“Now it’s two-way communication,” he says. “Controls are very different philosophically than they were even five years ago. In the future, the data acquired with new controls may be even more valuable than the energy those controls save.”</div>
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The minimum requirements for a two-way LED lighting control strategy are occupancy sensors, switches, dimmers, and networks.</div>
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Occupancy Sensors</div>
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The most common occupancy sensors use one of two technologies, or a combination of both.</div>
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Passive Infrared (PIR) senses the difference between the heat emitted by humans and background heat. A space is assumed to be occupied when the human heat is in motion. PIR requires a direct line of sight from the sensor to the occupant and is effective at detecting people walking into or out of a space. However, it only works for sensing major motion.</div>
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An ultrasonic sensor emits a signal that is reflected off all objects in an area. It detects motion by the Doppler effect, namely, the shift in frequency between the emitted and reflected signals if an object is in motion. Ultrasonic sensing can cover a space even if obstacles are present; it also can detect small motions. The problem is that it can be sensitive to motions caused by vibrations or air currents.</div>
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Dual technology uses both methods in combination for more reliable operation. In order to turn lights on automatically, both sensors must detect someone entering a room. After that, only one of the two is needed to keep the lights on while the area is occupied.</div>
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All three versions are available in ceiling-mount or wall-mount configurations.</div>
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Some energy codes such as ASHRAE 90.1 and New York City’s Energy Code LL48 mandate that lights be switched on manually when the first person enters a space and switched off automatically when the space is no longer occupied. However, it is sometimes acceptable to switch the lights on automatically to 50% of the normal illumination level when a person enters, requiring a manual switch for full illumination.</div>
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Using sensors to turn off lights or dim them when a space is unoccupied can save energy. Even in offices that are generally used all day, workers often arrive and leave at different times, rendering timer control counterproductive.</div>
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Different spaces, such as open plan offices, partitioned offices, private offices, utility rooms, cafeterias, conference rooms, hallways, and lobbies have different lighting needs.</div>
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In any particular application, it is necessary to know the exact specifications of a sensor to decide how it should be mounted for coverage of the targeted space. For example, in an open office with cubicles, ceiling-mounted sensors should probably be specified and arranged so that their coverage patterns overlap. (Coverage patterns are specified by the manufacturer for each device.) In such an office, it often is a good idea to choose a longer time for automatic off, say 15 to 30 minutes.</div>
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Dimming</div>
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There are a variety of methods for LED dimming. The following basic facts should be considered in their design and selection.</div>
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• Their light output is directly proportional to current.</div>
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• The relationship between LED voltage and current is nonlinear.</div>
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• Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) of an LED is specified at a given voltage/current operating point.</div>
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• Efficacy in lumens/watt is specified at a given operating point.</div>
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• Switching times between emitting and non-emitting states are on the order of magnitude of nanoseconds.</div>
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• LEDs have a significant startup inrush current — the peak to average current ratios can be as high as 30:1.</div>
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LEDs require drivers to convert AC line voltage to low voltage DC because LEDs are semiconductor diodes. An LED dimmer must be designed to be compatible with the driver and the driver with the specific LED.</div>
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When replacing an incandescent lamp with an LED, it is important to change the dimmer as well. Typical incandescent dimmers use so-called phase-cut technology, where the conduction angle of each half cycle of the input sine wave is varied to control average power. Attempting to use them with LEDs can lead to unstable performance.</div>
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Two common dimming technologies exist for LEDs: pulse-width modulation (PWM) and constant current reduction (CCR).</div>
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In PWM, the LED current is switched between zero and rated output. The ratio of on to off time is varied to control average luminous intensity. For example if on time is equal to off time then the intensity is 50% of maximum. The switching is done at a high enough frequency to avoid detectable flicker.</div>
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The advantage of PWM is that the LED is always switched on to rated current so color temperature and efficacy are constant across the dimming range.</div>
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One disadvantage of PWM is that the fast rise and fall times of the high frequency on/off pulses can generate electromagnetic interference (EMI). Performance issues also may arise if there are long wire runs between the dimmer and the light source. What’s more, the power source for the LED must be rated to handle the peak turn-on transients, not just average power.</div>
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CCR is an analog technique in which the voltage is held constant and the DC current is varied to control luminous intensity. It avoids the problems due to high frequency switching, but CCT and efficacy will vary with dimming percentage.</div>
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Retrofitting Lighting Controls</div>
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The challenge of how best to retrofit existing lighting and controls is a hot topic. For simple on/off control, either from a manual switch or an occupancy sensor, there’s no problem — simply replace the lamp. Screw-base lamp replacements typically have self-contained drivers. For fluorescents, however, the ballast must be removed from the fixture and replaced with an LED driver.</div>
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To reap the benefits of LED lighting systems, a network for communication and control needs to exist. Perhaps the most basic challenge for establishing a network is how to physically interconnect the lamps and controls. This can be more difficult for retrofits than for new construction.</div>
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Dimming is a good example. Because existing incandescent and fluorescent dimmers won’t do the job, the control function must be separate from the main power source. Although different approaches exist to solving this problem, they fall into two general categories: wired and wireless.</div>
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Power over Ethernet (PoE) has many advantages among the wired systems. PoE luminaires (code-talk for lighting fixtures) typically include drivers, occupancy sensors, and dimmers.</div>
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The system uses standard Ethernet category style cable to power the LEDs and also to transmit bi-directional control and sensor signals. Cat 5 cable can deliver up to 51 watts at 37 to 57 VDC. An upgrade to the IEEE 802.3 Standard is expected to be approved in 2017, which will increase the source power to 90 watts. The most efficient LED lighting fixtures for offices draw 30 – 35 watts.</div>
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The beauty of PoE is that it enables each luminaire to be configured as an Ethernet network node with a unique IP address so that a control system can interact with each luminaire individually. This opens a world of possibilities, especially in terms of the data acquired from the installed lighting.</div>
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The control and sensing information can be handled with a dedicated controller or with software that can be uploaded to a computer or mobile device. Sensor data, such as on/off/dimmed status, occupancy, and temperature can be shared via Ethernet with Building Automation Systems (BAS) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. It can also be shared with other enterprises via Internet, and may be sent to the cloud for processing, storage, and analytics. The system software also can be reconfigured for future upgrades or expansion as requirements expand and the technology evolves.</div>
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One issue with PoE, however, is that it requires running cable to each luminaire. The wiring does not have to be in conduit so it can be easily installed above a drop ceiling and typically does not require a licensed electrician. However, the work should be completed by someone certified for low-voltage wiring.</div>
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A wireless system is a much less costly option for retrofitting — one must invest in some hardware but not in labor-intensive wiring.</div>
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A number of wireless technologies are on the market. Some, such as Lutron’s, are proprietary, and can be used only with Lutron products. Others use standard protocols such as Z-Wave and ZigBee; a new one designed for home automation is called Thread.</div>
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One choice that might seem surprising is Bluetooth. Originally started in 1994, it is thought of primarily as a short-range cable-replacement technology. That is changing, however.</div>
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The next generation of Bluetooth, commonly known as Bluetooth Smart, was introduced in 2010 and may offer advantages compared to the other wireless technologies.</div>
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For one thing, it can transfer data at 1 Mbit/s, which is orders of magnitude faster than Z-Wave and Zigbee. There are advantages to the high data rate even though building automation does not require anything like that throughput.</div>
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It also enables lower latency, and thus better responsiveness, and also enables lower-duty cycle for transmitting information. That, and support for sleepy nodes, which only wake up when polled, extends battery life for sensors. Frequency hopping--the ability to automatically select the clearest among 40 different channels--is another possible advantage. A Bluetooth upgrade, to be released in the first half of 2017, is expected to double the speed and multiply the range by four.</div>
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A drawback of Bluetooth, however, is that the core specification does not support mesh networking. However, a number of companies have developed proprietary methods for using Bluetooth with mesh networks. And the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) is working on incorporating a standardized method for that.</div>
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Load Shedding</div>
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One important way that a lighting control system can contribute to improving energy supply is through load shedding. Indeed, utilities have a problem: although they can plan for average demand, there are unpredictable spikes. This might occur, for example, on an unusually hot summer day. The utility must therefore provide enough capacity to handle the peak loads even if they rarely occur.</div>
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One method of satisfying a spurt in demand is with “spinning reserve,” which is the ability of a power plant already connected to the power system to increase its output. The other option is non-spinning reserve — increasing output by bringing fast-start auxiliary generators on line or importing power from other systems.</div>
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However, if the demand spike is especially high, the response can generate instability on the grid. In any event, dealing with demand spikes is expensive for utilities. So, in addition to charging commercial customers for total consumption, utilities often add a surcharge for peak demand, typically the highest load for any 15-minute period during the billing cycle.</div>
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One solution may be to reduce spikes in demand. Networked LEDs can play a role in that, especially in control systems for microgrids. The grid can send a signal to its customers that their load should be reduced, so-called load shedding.</div>
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As Rea says, "you can't dim your copier or your computer but you can dim your lighting" if it’s part of a network.</div>
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A study published in the Lighting Research Technology Journal [Lighting Res. Technol., 37, 2 (2005) pp. 133 – 153] investigated the effects of reduced light levels on office workers. The researchers concluded that a reduction in luminance of 15% for paper tasks or 20% for computer tasks was undetectable for half of the participants in their study.</div>
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Further, most employees would accept dimming of 30% for paper tasks and 40% for computer tasks even though these levels are detectable. Notably, if the importance of load shedding is explained to employees, the acceptable dimming limits could be increased to as much as 40% for paper tasks and 50% for computer tasks.</div>
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Since the power used by LED lamps is approximately proportional to their illumination level, a 50% dimming of lighting would result in a 50% reduction in power demand.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14855478605325661321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5567027332086528046.post-77064238297865652102016-12-01T01:56:00.002-08:002016-12-01T01:56:37.967-08:00Fiber vs. Copper<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Network system designers for projects that range from industrial manufacturing installations to data centers must consider a wide range of variables and anticipated demands when specifying data infrastructure highways.</div>
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Current technology provides two primary choices for design mediums.</div>
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Traditional twisted-pair copper wire and cabling</div>
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Fiber optic systems using both conventional and blown-cable design.</div>
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Industrial data centers are growing in size and complexity, and current estimates indicate 90% of active equipment will be replaced within five years. An efficient modular infrastructure, therefore, is required to adapt to fast-moving business requirements, increasing port and cable densities, and rapid deployment needs.</div>
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Infrastructure decisions made at the design stage often have a big impact on future expansions. Initial copper cable material and costs typically are 40-50% less than fiber solutions. As a result, they often are the design of choice whenever budgetary considerations are paramount. Growing demand for fiber, however, has resulted in more favorable pricing for new fiber optic system backbone installations.</div>
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Upfront costs must be weighed against long-term considerations of performance, future deployment costs to support business changes, space limitations, and modular flexibility for expanding bandwidth capabilities.</div>
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he Roads are Different</div>
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Twisted-pair copper wires are used to transmit electrical currents and drive data primarily through the proven media of Category 6 (CAT6) cabling. Cost of copper cabling per the IEEE 10 Gig Ethernet standard are currently projected at 40% of 10 Gig fiber networks for linkages of less than 100 meters. For many small- to mid-sized industrial projects, this can be an attractive approach. The copper cable industry is also pursuing CAT8 twisted-pair products to double the capacity of CAT6.</div>
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Drawbacks compared to fiber include greater power demands for high-speed data transmission via electrons rather than optical photons. Electrons moving at high-speed must overcome greater resistance and require more power to process signals. In addition, more expensive and complex environmental and cooling systems are needed to manage the heat byproduct of a copper-based data center.</div>
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Fiber optic cable consists of fiber strand bundles of optically pure glass tubes. These can be fabricated in a variety of configurations and transmission specifications. Typical fiber optic cables are built and rated for indoor or outdoor applications. They can be obtained in fiber ribbon counts up to 3,456 in a cable diameter less than 1.5 inches. Other common sizes include 12-, 24-, 48-, and 72-count bundles. These usually are encased in a polyethylene foam jacket.</div>
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Digital information is carried through fiber via photons in a precise pathway. As such, data can move at higher speeds and over greater distances versus copper. This is due to minimal signal loss during data transmission. As a result, fiber optic solutions often have a strong upside for designs encompassing a large geographic area.</div>
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Fiber is lighter than copper and has a smaller installation footprint. Large projects for corporate data centers or industrial feeds are typically carried out in both supported (cable trays, aerial hooks, and so on) as well as direct-feed configurations. For direct feed, specialty tubing can be used for buried or impact-resistant applications.</div>
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It’s All About the Bandwidth</div>
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From a manufacturing viewpoint, technology-driven advances have transformed the world into a grand scale “information system,” which some believe will trigger a new industrial revolution.</div>
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Physical objects now have embedded sensors and actuators that can be linked through wired and wireless networks via Internet protocols. Bandwidth demands will likely continue to grow as business and industrial enterprises move toward decentralized controls for production and supply chain logistics.</div>
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The past decade has seen strides in wireless technology for industrial networks. The reason is clear: With wireless communications, no direct cabling is required. However, growing bandwidth constraints with wireless (particularly video over wireless) have generated increasing demands for high-speed data highways.</div>
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In bandwidth performance, optical fiber has demonstrated a convincing upside versus copper cable due to the extremely high frequency ranges the optical glass is able to carry. With copper wire, signal strength diminishes at higher frequencies. CAT6 twisted-pair copper can be optimized for data rates of 500MHz over a distance of 100 meters. In comparison, multi-mode optical fiber would have a bandwidth in excess of 1000 MHz over the same distance.</div>
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In terms of Ethernet infrastructure standards, copper is a compatible choice up to 1.0 Gigabit applications. Optical fiber, however, has demonstrated transfer rates of 10 gigabits/second (Gbps). Movement toward 40-100 Gbps is a next threshold standard. A copper solution for a 10-Gigabit Ethernet is not a commercial reality at this time, making these applications only suitable for fiber.</div>
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A Case for Blown Optical Fiber?</div>
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Blown fiber technology originated with British Telecom in 1982 and provided a method to upgrade capacity or to change fiber type without prohibitive infrastructure costs.</div>
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In a ground-up blown fiber installation, “highways” of tube cable are installed in buried, riser, or plenum rated tubing constructions. The tube cables can then be populated with single- or multi-mode fibers in various configurations up to 48 fiber optic tubes per bundle. Precise geometric patterns manufactured into the fiber bundle jackets provide aerodynamic properties to the bundles. They then can be “blown” into the pathways via a customized nitrogen-driven air motor system.</div>
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Manual installations that previously required large crews and disruptions to existing operations can now be accomplished with a single pair of skilled workers trained in blowing techniques. Installation lengths of 4,000-6,000 feet are typical, with end-end completion times averaging 6-8 man-hours.</div>
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Blown optical fiber can be cost-effective in next-generation backbone upgrades within a given facility or in expansions to new locations. It can be blown in at a rate of 200 feet/minute. It also may be blown out at the same rate for additional or upgraded capacity.</div>
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Cost and complexity of future expansions are minimized without the labor-intensive steps of laying new conduit and disrupting operational areas. For the visionary designer, the up-front costs of installing a high-speed blown fiber network can more than pay for themselves by lowering the cost of future upgrades.</div>
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Copper or Fiber Infrastructure?</div>
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Arriving at the “perfect” solution for a cabling infrastructure is a difficult task that requires careful analysis of a large number of variables. These can include bandwidth demands, immunity to electrical interference, density of the connectivity space, flexibility/speed of reconfiguration, cost of electronics, device interface considerations, and budgetary constraints.</div>
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Copper’s initial low investment cost often makes it a viable alternative for compact and single-building data center needs where data transfer rates of less than 2 Gbps will meet current and future needs. Copper can be considered for relatively short data transmission distances within a defined building footprint where environmental challenges, temperature fluctuations, and electromagnetic interference have a minimum impact on signal integrity.</div>
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The initial higher costs of fiber-optic solutions can be offset with its much greater bandwidth properties and virtually error-free transmissions over large distances. Optical data center solutions provide generally simple and easy installations up to 75% faster than pulled copper cables. Fiber can also deliver considerable performance, time, and cost savings both for initial and for future infrastructure needs.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14855478605325661321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5567027332086528046.post-45558834386150993662016-11-23T00:01:00.001-08:002016-11-23T00:01:28.653-08:00A Twist for Surgical Robotics<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Since 2000, California-based Intuitive Surgical has dominated the world of robot-assisted surgery. Its da Vinci system has logged well over two million surgical procedures.</div>
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Now, however, a Massachusetts startup called Medrobotics has launched a system of its own that features a design that could make robots a much more common fixture in operating rooms.</div>
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Rather than been being limited to straight, “line-of-sight” procedures as in other surgical robots, the company’s Flex Robotic System enables surgeons, with full HD visualization, to guide the device through the twists and turns of the body’s pathways. Result: minimally invasive surgery can be performed on sites that were difficult or even impossible to reach before.</div>
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<img alt="" class="_h2z _297z _usd img" data-mce-src="https://scontent-ord1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/15135889_1799796550288815_7869913268756260883_n.jpg?oh=0da335f6c00ca002d2250864cfab1be2&oe=58BD52E7" id="u_1_0" src="https://scontent-ord1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/15135889_1799796550288815_7869913268756260883_n.jpg?oh=0da335f6c00ca002d2250864cfab1be2&oe=58BD52E7" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%;" /></div>
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All the key components of the Flex Robotic System can be set up for surgery in about 10 minutes, say surgeons. The disposable Flex Drive (blue component) attaches to the Flex Base and is inserted into the patient.</div>
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“With this system, we can now reach areas, such as the top of the voice box, which were very hard to access,” says Eugene Myers, M.D., a head and neck surgeon and professor at the University of Pittsburgh Medical School. “For example, this can mean the difference between a person losing his voice or retaining it.”</div>
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So far, the Flex Robotic System has received both U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval and Europe’s CE mark for transoral procedures of the mouth and throat. In October 2016, the system also gained European clearance for colorectal surgeries, expanding the range of operations. Costing about $1 million--around half the price of the latest da Vinci model--the system offers a relatively small footprint and a reported 10-minute setup time in operating rooms.</div>
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The device is gaining recognition, including a Best of Show award in the 2016 Medical Design Excellence Awards, and a 2016 Red Herring Top 100 Award, which recognizes technologies most likely to change people’s lives. Meanwhile, the technology has attracted about $150 million in investment for Medrobotics.</div>
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“The global market for robotics and other tools for minimally invasive surgery is expected to double by 2020,” says James Jordan, chief investment officer for Pittsburgh Life Sciences Greenhouse, an early investor in Medrobotics. “But that type of increase is not likely to occur without flexible robotics technology.”</div>
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Roots at Carnegie Mellon</div>
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The Medrobotics story began at Carnegie Mellon University’s Robotics Institute, which has spawned robotics innovations ranging from devices to inspect power plants and explore space environments to autonomous tractors and self-driving cars.</div>
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In the late 1990s, Robotics Institute engineering professor Howie Choset became fascinated with what has become known as “snake robots,” highly-articulated mechanisms with many degrees of freedom. These robotic snakes can thread their way through tightly packed areas in such applications as search and rescue missions and the manufacture of giant aircraft wings.</div>
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Along with fellow CMU engineering professor Alon Wolf and heart surgeon Marco Zenati, M.D., Choset developed the first prototype of a snake robot for minimally invasive surgery.</div>
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Together, the three men founded Medrobotics in 2005. They initially targeted the device for heart surgery, and it was used successfully in a limited investigational trial on three patients in Europe in 2010. It became apparent, however, that the high cost of developing a commercial device for cardiac applications, as well as the regulatory hurdles, dictated moving to other surgical procedures for faster commercial launch.</div>
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Noting that commercializing a surgical device is “not something that a robotics professor can accomplish with grants to the university,” Choset knew it was time to hand off his invention to Medrobotics. The company not only had to raise an enormous amount of capital for development and manufacturing infrastructure, but its engineers had to refine Choset’s design, both to pass muster with regulators and to meet the clinical demands of surgeons.</div>
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“The genius of Professor Choset’s design was his revolutionary motion system, specifically the relationship of the inner and outer mechanisms of the robot that allows the articulation to occur, just like a snake,” says Samuel Straface, a Ph.D. and former scientist who serves as president and CEO of Medrobotics. “Our engineers had to transfer that know-how into a viable product for clinicians.”</div>
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Follow the Leader</div>
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The Flex Robotics System that received FDA clearance in July 2015 combines the benefits of a laparoscope – a rigid, straight-viewing device used in minimally-invasive surgery -- with an endoscope, a flexible instrument for visual diagnosis.</div>
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Much of the device’s intellectual property revolves around the disposable Flex Drive, which snaps into a reusable base that contains system motors and controls. For transoral applications, the portion of the 1.5-lb drive inserted into the patient and containing the camera measures about 17 cm long, with a diameter that ranges from 17.5 mm to a maximum of 28 mm at the “distal end” where the surgery takes place.</div>
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The drive contains an external cable for electrical connections to the distally mounted, detachable camera and LEDs, plus an internal lumen that serves as a channel for tubing that carries fluid to a lens washer for the camera. The Flex Drive also contains accessory channels on either side of the camera to accommodate miniature instruments that the surgeon inserts during an operation.</div>
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At the heart of the Flex Drive’s technology is its motion system, which features a series of articulated segments or links. The design includes both inner and outer articulated segments, made of medical-grade polymer and arranged in a concentric mechanical assembly.</div>
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The control scheme causes each of these two assemblies to become semi-rigid or flexible by adjusting the tension on cables running through the segments. The outer assembly can also be articulated by varying the tension on its cables when part of it moves beyond the distal end of the inner assembly.</div>
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Using this ‘‘follow-the-leader’’ strategy and alternating flexible and rigid states, the drive moves to the surgical site under the direct control of the surgeon. Once positioned, the device can become rigid, forming a stable surgical platform.</div>
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A key distinguishing feature of this flexible robot is that it offers multiple degrees of freedom distributed across its length. When compared to the typical human arm’s 7 degrees of freedom, the device’s more than 30 degrees of freedom may enhance the physician’s ability to access, visualize, and perform surgeries.</div>
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And unlike other robotic systems, where the surgeon sits at a console several feet away from the operating table, the physician sits or stands next to the patient and uses a joy-stick-like controller on an adjacent console to move the inserted scope to the surgical site. A touchscreen monitor shows system operation, and a video display provides real-time, 3D visualization of the surgery.</div>
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Once the robot reaches the surgical site, the surgeon manipulates two other controllers, one in each hand, that control tiny instruments inserted through the Flex Drive’s two accessory channels. For example, the instrument controlled by the left hand might grasp a piece of tissue, while the instrument controlled by the right excises tissue for a biopsy. What’s more, the surgeon gets haptic feedback throughout the procedure.</div>
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Meeting the Engineering Challenge</div>
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Bringing the Flex Robotic System to its current state of the art has required a strategy of agile engineering, notes R&D director Russell Singleton, a Ph.D. electrical engineer whose career has included many years with startups. “The approach is to get the design out as fast as you can, then do more iterations as you go along, based on the needs of the application.”</div>
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The team also features a blend of engineering disciplines. “There is no mechanical engineering department, or electrical engineering department,” notes Singleton. “We are organized by project or program, and we encourage the cross-fertilization of ideas.”</div>
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Singleton says he prefers to buy as many components as he can off the shelf. However, the unique demands of this flexible system have dictated several homegrown designs. Since the second half of 2014, when the Flex Robotic System debuted in Europe for transoral applications, company engineers have made significant changes in the design of key components.</div>
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The “chip-on-tip” camera, which snaps onto the distal end of the Flex Drive, has evolved from a disposable, 800 x 800 pixel 2-D version to the current dual 1920 x 1080-pixel, high-definition 3D model that can be detached, sterilized and reused.</div>
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With a goal of creating a much more mobile and nimble platform, engineers have also reduced the size and weight of the Flex Drive to one tenth of what it was in 2014. In addition, based on the input of surgeons who work closely with the company, engineers have created a family of miniature surgical instruments that are disposable and measure just 3.5 mm in outer diameter. Some specialized instruments for operating on the voice box have diameters as small as 1.5 mm. Moreover, engineers have had to design these instruments to be flexible, since they too must navigate through channels that bend and twist to fit the body’s anatomy.</div>
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“Medrobotics’ engineers are not only dedicated and talented, but they are used to fast turnaround,” notes Marshall Strome, M.D., a professor and chairman emeritus of the Cleveland Clinic Head and Neck Institute. “I recall cases where I asked engineers in the morning to modify an instrument, and they had a new design to show me by the end of the day.”</div>
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The engineers also must tackle the tough task of developing motion control and path planning algorithms, a particularly challenging job in snake robot systems with their multiple degrees of freedom. Singleton cites MATLAB as a useful software package to model and simulate motion and path planning. Among other key tools: SOLIDWORKS for 3D CAD modeling of components and Altium for printed circuit board design.</div>
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<img alt="" class="_h2z _297z _usd img" data-mce-src="https://scontent-ord1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/15134776_1799795950288875_8871604269086987916_n.jpg?oh=1c4a821177ff1a1e98af68cac3bee8ec&oe=58C40A0F" id="u_1_1" src="https://scontent-ord1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/15134776_1799795950288875_8871604269086987916_n.jpg?oh=1c4a821177ff1a1e98af68cac3bee8ec&oe=58C40A0F" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%;" /><div class="_h2w _50f8 _50f4">
The distal end of the Flex Drive includes the camera, LEDs, and accessory channels through which the surgeon inserts custom-designed instruments</div>
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Ramping Up for Production</div>
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On the manufacturing side, the Flex Robotics System must run a gauntlet of tests needed for regulatory approval. The battery of tests described in the company’s 510 (k) premarket submission to the FDA in 2015 include: electrical safety testing, biocompatibility, sterilization and packaging, animal studies, and human factors testing, among other things. As production ramps up, clean rooms, both at Raynham and offsite, will be used to assemble the camera, as well as disposable components, such as the Flex Drive and surgical instruments.</div>
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Michael Gallagher, the Medrobotics’ vice president of Operations, says the Flex Robotic System requires about 3,000 components, which presents challenges in materials and resource planning. Continuing design changes trigger additional adjustments in manufacturing.</div>
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For example, the move to 3-D vision requires changes in the Flex Base, such as replacing multiple circuit boards and machining of the frame. Meanwhile, field upgrades to systems installed in hospitals have to be managed. “It’s a very fast-paced environment, like being strapped to a rocket, and you have to be agile,” says Gallagher.</div>
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To manage such tasks, Gallagher cites QAD software as an important tool in materials and resource planning. In 2017, the company plans to introduce Omnify product lifecycle management software, a package that includes quality assurance features. On the test side, Gallagher points to software packages like LabVIEW TestStand and Euresys, both used in important tests of the Flex Drive’s camera lens.</div>
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Throughout the system’s development, Medrobotics has embedded manufacturing engineers and supply chain managers alongside design engineers on project teams, says Gallagher, both to optimize components for production and test, as well as to ensure better resource planning. For example, engineers configured complex boards on camera assemblies for more efficient testing on bed-of-nails fixtures. To reduce costs and simplify production, the engineering team completely redesigned the Flex Drive, replacing custom-machined components with injection molded parts.</div>
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Growth Spurt</div>
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As Medrobotics positions its system for new surgical applications, engineers will need to make further design and manufacturing changes, including the size and shape of the Flex Drive, new types of surgical instruments, the configuration of special retractors and fixtures through which the drive enters a patient, and motion control and path planning.</div>
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Still, the company is confident that it will play a major role in the growth of surgical robots in the years ahead. Nearly every day, surgeons can be found at the Raynham facility, where four complete systems have been set up to acquaint medical personnel with the technology. Surgeons, such as Dr. Umamaheswar Duvvuri of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Dr. David Goldenberg of the Penn State College of Medicine, are demonstrating the system to interested surgeons in surgical settings.</div>
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In addition, surgeons in Europe are helping to prove the technology’s viability. In July 2016, Medrobotics released the results of clinical trials involving 80 patients with throat lesions at four hospitals in Germany and Belgium. Using the Flex Robotic System, surgeons accessed the target area in 94% of the cases. No device-related adverse events were reported</div>
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Surgeons familiar with the system point to such benefits as being able to see behind anatomical structures, such as organs, to detect hidden tumors. They add that flexible robotics also helps them perform more precise surgery, which can mean reduced need for chemo and radiation therapies in cancer patients.</div>
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Encouraged by the response from the medical community, CEO Straface expects to see several hundred hospitals worldwide using the Flex Robotic system within the next three years. Beyond transoral and colorectal applications, he sees the device being used in an expanding array of procedures, such as gynecological surgery. Eventually, he believes surgeons will choose flexible robotics for operations on the beating heart.</div>
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With an intellectual property portfolio that includes 200 patents issued or pending, Straface says his company has achieved “hard won” leadership in the field of flexible robotics for medical applications.</div>
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“Analysts are predicting a mammoth rise in the adoption of robots for surgery,” says Straface. But for that to happen, he says that a paradigm shift must occur so that surgeons “are no longer limited to line-of-sight robotic technology.”</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14855478605325661321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5567027332086528046.post-18233445714505686952016-11-15T23:29:00.001-08:002016-11-15T23:34:33.990-08:00Engineer's Guide to Corrosion: Part 3<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Materials may range from mild steel in condensate/feedwater systems and waterwall tubes to high-alloy steels in superheater/reheaters and turbines. Alloying elements obviously have a strong impact on corrosion mechanisms that can affect the various steels. In Part 3 we will examine corrosion issues, and include a discussion of methods of control. Corrosion is quite a complex science, with steam generation corrosion being just one part of a huge mosaic.<br />
Mild Carbon Steel Corrosion and Control - Feedwater<br />
Iron is an amphoteric metal, meaning that both low and very high pH solutions will cause corrosion. Part 1 of this series outlined the basic corrosion mechanism in acid. At the temperatures common to the condensate/feedwater system and steam generator, general corrosion is minimized at a mildly basic pH.<br />
For typical heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs) at combined-cycle plants, the recommended feedwater pH range is 9.6 to 10 (as measured at 25oC). The most common chemical used for feedwater pH control is ammonia (NH3), a weak base that generates hydroxyl ion (OH-).<br />
Because feedwater is pure (or always should be), a common method to control ammonia feed is from specific conductivity (S.C.) readings, as in pure water a direct correlation exists between S.C. and pH, with S.C. being much easier to measure.<br />
Beyond pH, however, another issue has arisen regarding flow accelerated corrosion (FAC). A future article will cover that topic, but it is worth mentioning here that in the condensate/feedwater systems of modern HRSGs (virtually none of which contain copper alloys) a small amount of dissolved oxygen (5 to 10 ppb in the feedwater) is required to generate the proper protective oxide surface on carbon steel. As we will review in that future article, FAC is an extremely serious issue.<br />
From a materials aspect regarding FAC control, fabrication of FAC-susceptible components with P11/T11 or P22/T22 (1¼ and 2¼ chromium concentration, respectively) should be a standard consideration for all new HRSGs.<br />
Yet another important subject, which requires a separate article for full discussion, is steam generator corrosion control when the unit is off-line. In these cases, oxygen is an enemy, and air in-leakage to cold units standing full of water can cause damaging corrosion.<br />
A technology for corrosion protection that has been known for decades and is now re-emerging, is filming amine use. Amines are organic compounds with one or more ammonia groups attached. (Some small chain amines, known as neutralizing amines, are used in place of or along with ammonia as pH-conditioning agents.)<br />
The amine groups and perhaps other functional groups on the chain attach to metals, while the hydrophilic organic chain establishes a barrier to water. In recent years, some positive results have been seen in full-scale tests of these products. Potential drawbacks still remain, including organic breakdown in high-temperature steam. Organizations such as the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) continue research into these products.<br />
Boiler Water Corrosion Control<br />
The ammonia (or perhaps neutralizing amine) used for condensate/feedwater conditioning can provide enough alkalinity to also protect the steam generator proper, as long as impurity intrusion is prevented. But condenser tube leaks will introduce a variety of contaminants to the condensate and the steam generator, including scale-forming ions and also chloride and sulfate, among others. The latter, and chloride in particular, can generate acids that quickly consume ammonia and leave the steam generator in a vulnerable condition.<br />
So, basically from the advent of high-pressure power production, most steam generators (and here we are only examining drum-type boilers and HRSGs) are treated with an additional pH-conditioning agent. Most common has been tri-sodium phosphate (Na3PO4), which generates alkalinity as follows:<br />
Phosphate will also react with hardness ions to prevent them from forming hard scale in the steam generator, but unfortunately, TSP has some drawbacks that limit its effectiveness. One of the most notable is its reverse solubility at high temperatures.<br />
Tri-sodium phosphate solubility vs. temperature.<br />
The compound cannot be dosed liberally, as most of it precipitates directly on boiler internals. Compounding this issue is that the TSP can react directly with the boiler tube material to form iron-sodium phosphate compounds. For these reasons, chemists at some plants have adopted straight caustic (NaOH) feed as the method to establish boiler water alkalinity. However, due to iron’s amphoteric nature, the caustic concentration must be limited to a maximum of 1 part-per-million (ppm).<br />
At this point, another factor must be considered. Even in systems with good feedwater chemistry, iron oxide corrosion products still are generated and travel to the steam generator. At the high boiler temperatures ,the particulates precipitate, generally on the hot side of the tubes. Deposition sets up porous deposits, where water can penetrate the deposits through various channels.<br />
An illustration of wick boiling.<br />
As the water approaches the tube surface, temperatures increase. The water boils off, leaving impurities behind (wick boiling). The contaminants can concentrate to very high levels. One of the most frightening reactions possible is shown in the following equation:<br />
As can be seen, a product of this reaction is hydrochloric acid. While HCl may cause corrosion in and of itself, the compound will concentrate under deposits, where the reaction of the acid with iron generates hydrogen, which in turn can lead to hydrogen damage of the tubes.<br />
Under-deposit acid formation. Illustration courtesy of Ray Post, ChemTreat.<br />
In this mechanism, atomic hydrogen penetrates into the metal where it reacts with carbon atoms in the steel to generate methane (CH4). Formation of the gaseous methane and hydrogen molecules causes cracking in the steel, greatly compromising its strength. Hydrogen damage is troublesome because it cannot be easily detected. After hydrogen damage has occurred, plant staff may replace tubes only to find that other tubes continue to rupture.<br />
A tube failure due to hydrogen damage. Notice the thick-lipped fracture, indicative of failure with little metal loss.<br />
For many decades, hydrogen damage has been at or near the top of the list of high-pressure steam generator corrosion mechanisms. What power plant personnel often fail to recognize is that even small condenser tube leaks (or other impurity ingress), if they are chronic, can allow repetitive under-deposit corrosion and hydrogen damage.<br />
Under-deposit corrosion is not limited to low pH conditions. Per the wick boiling example outlined above, another compound that can concentrate within deposits is caustic. Concentrations may rise to levels many times that in the bulk boiler water. The concentrated NaOH attacks the boiler metal and its protective magnetite (Fe3O4) layer via the following reactions:<br />
The potential for under-deposit caustic gouging is the primary reason why the free caustic concentration in the boiler water is typically limited to 1 ppm.<br />
Key Takeaways<br />
The reader will have observed a number of important items in this discussion, but several takeaways should be emphasized.<br />
• The amphoteric nature of iron requires pH control within a rather narrow window.<br />
• Deposits that accumulate within the steam generator greatly influence the corrosion potential due to their ability to allow concentration of impurities. That is why regular chemical cleaning is important, although this can be a difficult task in HRSGs with the complex evaporator tubing.<br />
• Proper feedwater chemistry control is required not only to prevent FAC, but also to minimize carryover of particulates to the steam generator.<br />
• Units should not be operated with condenser tube leaks unless the condensate system is equipped with a condensate polisher.<br />
A Note on Steam Chemistry<br />
Space did not permit a discussion about steam chemistry, but it is highly important. In fact, many of the guidelines for boiler water chemistry have developed around the prevention of impurity carryover to the steam system and turbine. The corrosion mechanisms that certain impurities can induce include pitting, stress corrosion cracking, and corrosion fatigue.<br />
References<br />
1. Comprehensive Cycle Chemistry Guidelines for Combined Cycle/Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSGs). EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2013. 3002001381.<br />
2. Buecker, B., and S. Shulder, “Critical Water/Steam Chemistry Concepts for HRSGs”; webinar for Energy-Tech University, Oct. 25-26, 2016.<br />
3. B. Buecker, “Condenser Chemistry and Performance Monitoring: A Critical Necessity for Reliable Steam Plant Operation”; paper IWC 99-10 from the Proceedings of the 60th Annual International Water Conference, October 18-20, 1999, Pittsburgh, Penn.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14855478605325661321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5567027332086528046.post-47618890239857561092016-11-03T00:56:00.002-07:002016-11-03T00:56:40.262-07:00Engineer's Guide to Corrosion: Part 1<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Part 1 of this series provided an overview of a number of the most common corrosion mechanisms that can occur in steam generators at power and industrial plants. Here, in Part 2, we focus on the most common materials in these systems because an understanding of material constituents is needed for subsequent corrosion study.</div>
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The universal material for condensate/feedwater piping and boiler waterwall tubes is mild carbon steel, as this material often offers the best combination of strength and price. A transition from the mild steels to higher-strength alloys, including the ferritic and austenitic steels, is needed in superheaters and reheaters where temperatures are higher and the density of the cooling medium is much lower. The table outlines the chemical composition of the most common materials employed for steam generator fabrication.</div>
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<img alt="" class="_h2z _297z _usd img" data-mce-src="https://scontent-iad3-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/14947563_1792844527650684_7828341636428317477_n.jpg?oh=7ddc3435930f7578306167fa4d079551&oe=58988177" id="u_6_0" src="https://scontent-iad3-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/14947563_1792844527650684_7828341636428317477_n.jpg?oh=7ddc3435930f7578306167fa4d079551&oe=58988177" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%;" /><div class="_h2w _50f8 _50f4">
Common steam generator materials. Adapted from Ref. 1</div>
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In considering materials for condenser and feedwater heater tubes, current practice calls for all-ferrous alloys, usually stainless steel. Some older power-generating units still have heaters and/or condensers with copper alloy tubes. Most common are Admiralty metal (70% copper, 29% zinc, and 1% other alloys, primarily arsenic or phosphorous), and the copper-nickel alloys, notably 90-10 and 70-30.</div>
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Turbine rotors and blades are composed of high alloy steels. Typical for turbine blades is 403 SS, which contains 12% to 13% chromium. A popular material for modern supercritical plant turbine blades is type 422, 12 Cr ferritic steel. HP turbine rotors are often ferritic steels containing 1% to 13% chromium and some nickel, molybdenum, and vanadium.</div>
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<span class="_4yxo">Alloying Elements in Steel</span></div>
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At first glance, the numerous elements that make up the steels outlined in the table may be bewildering. Most are alloying elements to improve various properties (toughness, resistance to heat, and so on) of the steel, while a few are impurities whose content must be carefully controlled.</div>
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Carbon: Carbon is the alloying element that defines steel, as opposed to plain iron. As stated in Reference 2, it is the “most important alloying element in steel.” Carbon increases the tensile and yield strengths of steel, although it also lowers the ductility and toughness. As is evident in the table, a relatively small percentage of carbon is necessary, and indeed will dissolve in steel, for alloying purposes. Above about 2% concentration, the element forms carbon nodules in the metal; these are the cast irons, whose ductility and strength decrease with increasing carbon content.</div>
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Chromium: Chromium is the element that in 12% concentration or greater imparts the “stainless” quality to stainless steels. The chromium causes steel to form a layer of chromium oxide that protects the steel from its environment (but with cautions to that chemistry as will be outlined later). However, even at lower concentrations than 12% chromium benefits also may be derived, including greater strength and toughness, and improved resistance to creep and oxidation at high temperatures. (Creep is the deformation of steel at elevated temperatures.) Also, even small amounts of chromium provide increased resistance of steel to flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC). [3] Both single-phase and two-phase FAC have plagued many steam generating systems where some failures have caused fatalities.</div>
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Nickel: Nickel improves toughness and in certain cases corrosion resistance of steel. But, it is most important when alloyed at 8% concentration or higher, as at this concentration and above, nickel causes the steel to assume the austenitic structure.</div>
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A brief discussion of the two most common steel crystalline structures will aid in understanding. When metals are fabricated from molten material, the crystalline structures that form grow into grains as the material solidifies.</div>
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<img alt="" class="_h2z _297z _usd img" data-mce-src="https://scontent-iad3-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/14947866_1792844674317336_416090736746013519_n.jpg?oh=6fea117d5594737bda7a3436f85667fe&oe=588F158F" id="u_6_1" src="https://scontent-iad3-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/14947866_1792844674317336_416090736746013519_n.jpg?oh=6fea117d5594737bda7a3436f85667fe&oe=588F158F" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%;" /><div class="_h2w _50f8 _50f4">
Illustration of metal grains.</div>
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The body-centered cubic structure. Note the atom centered within the cell.</div>
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<span class="_4yxo">The face-centered cubic structure.</span></div>
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Grain size may vary depending on the metal or alloy and fabrication methods, for example, fast cooling, slow cooling, subsequent heat treatment. We will examine grain behavior later with regard to some special corrosion issues. For example, grain boundaries often serve as corrosion sites.</div>
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The crystalline structure of the metal within grains is also important. For the mild steels and even those that contain significant chromium, but without nickel, each unit cell of the crystal has a body-centered cubic structure, as shown.</div>
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These steels are defined as ferritic. If the steel is heated to a high temperature, this structure morphs into a face-centered cubic structure known as austenite.</div>
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In some cases, austenite offers better mechanical properties than ferrite. The addition of 8% or greater nickel to steel as an alloying element allows the steel to remain as austenite at room temperatures and below.</div>
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The table may now become more understandable with regard to the crystal structure of each of the steels. A third structure, martensite, can also be produced by special treatment, but it will not be considered here. However, note that a relatively new type of steel, the duplex alloys, are being used in some applications. These consist of a combination of ferrite and austenite. The duplex alloys offer some advantages, but at least one spectacular failure mechanism is known, in an air pollution control application, which will be outlined in a later article.</div>
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Molybdenum: Molybdenum increases steel’s strength and resistance to wear, among other benefits, but also contributes to high temperature strength.</div>
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Others: Elements like silicon and manganese can help protect steels against oxidation and problems related with residual sulfur in the steel, respectively. Phosphorus in low concentrations can increase steel hardness, but becomes troublesome in higher concentrations than those shown in the table. Other trace elements that may be beneficial, depending upon the alloy, include aluminum, boron, columbium, copper, nitrogen, niobium, and tungsten.</div>
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<span class="_4yxo">Some Mechanical Steel Failure Methods</span></div>
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The components of a high-pressure steam generator are subject to a number of mechanical stresses, including tensile, compression, and others. These often occur at attachments such as supporting infrastructure and tubing connections at headers, drums, and similar locations. Stressed locations are often greatly influenced by the high temperatures during normal operation and cyclic issues when units are reduced in load or come off-line, as has become much more common in recent years.</div>
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Several stresses will come into focus in later corrosion discussions. For example, some components that cycle frequently may fail from simple fatigue. Tube attachments are classic locations for fatigue. Corrosion fatigue, as the name implies, involves structural weakening by fatigue that then allows corrosive agents to accumulate in the weakened area, usually a small crack, and then increase the corrosion rate. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) can occur in components; turbine blades are a prime example, in which normal operation induces stresses that allow corrosion to occur.</div>
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Another common phenomenon in steam generators is the deformation known as creep. Materials begin to lose strength at elevated temperatures; the ultimate example may be if the metal is taken to its melting point. But even at temperatures well below the melting point, the combination of heat and stress will cause metals to deform.</div>
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Very common to high-pressure steam units, and especially in superheaters and reheaters, is long-term creep. Over time, the material may deform or elongate to the point of failure. Corrosion often may play a part in long-term creep, particularly if corrosion products inhibit heat transfer. At the opposite extreme, if corrosion or some other mechanism causes a partial or full blockage of fluid flow in high-temperature water or steam-bearing tubes, short-term overheat may be the result.</div>
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Rapid tube failure. Note the thin-lipped structure at the failure.</div>
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Such dramatic failures may be corrosion/chemistry related, but also may be induced by operational upsets. In coal-fired power plants, firing a unit too rapidly is one possibility. Another, which has occurred over the years, is neglecting drum level during operation and allowing portions of waterwall tubes to go dry.</div>
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In Part 3, we will examine primary corrosion mechanisms and their control in greater detail. These issues are too-often overlooked, sometimes to the point of a catastrophic failure.</div>
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<span class="_4yxo">References</span></div>
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1. C. Bozzuto, Ed., Clean Combustion Technologies, Fifth Edition; Alstom, 2009, Windsor, CT.</div>
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2. J.B. Kitto and S.C. Stultz, Eds., Steam Its Generation and Use, 41st Edition; Babcock & Wilcox, 2005, Barberton, OH.</div>
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3. B. Buecker, “Flow Accelerated Corrosion – A Critical but Often Not Well Recognized Steam Generator Issue”; Engineering 360, August 2016.</div>
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original website: <a data-mce-href="http://insights.globalspec.com/article/3383/engineer-s-guide-to-corrosion-part-2" href="http://insights.globalspec.com/article/3383/engineer-s-guide-to-corrosion-part-2" style="color: #00aadc;">http://insights.globalspec.com/article/3383/engineer-s-guide-to-corrosion-part-2</a></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14855478605325661321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5567027332086528046.post-55967795101502406972016-10-26T23:48:00.002-07:002016-10-26T23:51:37.977-07:00Wirelessly Powered Drone Technology Demonstrated<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: #3d596d; font-family: Merriweather, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15px;">Scientists have demonstrated an efficient method for wirelessly transferring power to a drone while it is flying. The technology could in theory allow flying drones to stay airborne indefinitely simply by hovering over a ground support vehicle to recharge—potentially opening up new industrial applications.</span><br />
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The technology uses inductive coupling, a concept initially demonstrated by inventor Nikola Tesla over a century ago. Two copper coils are tuned into one another electronically, which enables the wireless exchange of power at a certain frequency.</div>
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To demonstrate the technology, engineers from Imperial College London removed the battery from an off-the-shelf mini-drone and demonstrated that they could wirelessly transfer power to it to keep it aloft. They believe their demonstration is the first to show how wireless charging via inductive coupling can be carried out efficiently with a flying object such as a drone.</div>
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To achieve the feat, after removing the battery from the 12 cm-diameter quadcopter drone, the researchers altered its electronics and made a copper foil ring to act as a receiving antenna encircling the drone's casing. On the ground, a transmitter device made out of a circuit board was connected to the electronics and a power source, creating a magnetic field.</div>
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The drone's electronics were calibrated at the frequency of the magnetic field. When it flew into the magnetic field, an alternating-current voltage was induced in the receiving antenna, and the drone's electronics converted it efficiently into a direct-current voltage to power it.</div>
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The technology is still in its experimental stage, the researchers say, as the drone can currently fly only 10 cm above the magnetic field transmission source. The team estimates they are one year away from a commercially feasible product.</div>
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The use of small drones for commercial purposes—for surveillance, reconnaissance missions and search-and-rescue operations—is growing rapidly. However, the distance that a drone can travel and the duration it can stay in the air are limited by the availability of power and recharging requirements. Wireless power-transfer technology may solve this, the team says.</div>
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"Imagine using a drone to wirelessly transmit power to sensors on things such as bridges to monitor their structural integrity," says Paul Mitcheson, professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering. "This would cut out humans having to reach these difficult-to-access places to recharge them."</div>
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<span class="_4yxo">The technology could potentially allow flying drones to stay airborne indefinitely simply by hovering over a ground support vehicle to recharge. Image credit: Imperial College London.</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14855478605325661321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5567027332086528046.post-41230963083163883212016-10-13T22:34:00.001-07:002016-10-13T22:34:33.255-07:00New Process for Copper Nanowires<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Cell phones and Apple watches could last longer due to a new method to create copper nanowires.</div>
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A team of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) scientists has developed a process for purifying copper nanowires with a near-100% yield. The research shows how the method can yield large quantities of long, uniform, high-purity copper nanowires that meet the requirements of nanoelectronic applications—and provide an avenue for purifying industrial-scale synthesis of copper nanowires, a key step for commercialization.</div>
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Functional nanomaterials are notoriously difficult to produce in large volumes with highly controlled composition, shapes and sizes. This difficulty has limited adoption of nanomaterials in many manufacturing technologies.</div>
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The most common approach to create nanowires not only yields nanowires but also other low-aspect ratio shapes, such as nanoparticles and nanorods. These undesired byproducts are almost always produced due to difficulties in controlling the non-instantaneous nucleation of the seed particles as well as seed types, which cause the particles to grow in multiple pathways.</div>
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The key to the process developed at LLNL is the use of a hydrophobic surfactant in an aqueous solution, together with an immiscible water organic solvent system, to create a hydrophobic-distinct interface, allowing nanowires to cross over spontaneously due to their different crystal structure and total surface area from those of nanoparticles. The resulting copper nanowires carry no byproducts that would affect their shape and purity.</div>
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"The principles developed from this particular case of copper nanowires may be applied to a variety of nanowire applications," says LLNL staff scientist Fang Qian. "This purification method will open up new possibilities in producing high-quality nanomaterials with low cost and in large quantities."</div>
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The researchers say they envision using purified nanomaterials in a potentially wide variety of new fabrication approaches, including additive manufacturing.</div>
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<img alt="" class="_h2z _297z _usd img" data-mce-src="https://scontent-nrt1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/14591840_1780538078881329_7888737018731284169_n.jpg?oh=78fb7aa252cdd6afaa79d79735962fb8&oe=589AD98F" id="u_5_0" src="https://scontent-nrt1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/14591840_1780538078881329_7888737018731284169_n.jpg?oh=78fb7aa252cdd6afaa79d79735962fb8&oe=589AD98F" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%;" /><div class="_h2w _50f8 _50f4">
illustration of the separation process from a mixture of various copper nanocrystal shapes</div>
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<span class="_4yxo">An illustration of the separation process from a mixture of various copper nanocrystal shapes (two tubes on the left) to pure nanowires and nanoparticles (two tubes on the right).</span></div>
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Original Website: <strong><a data-mce-href="http://insights.globalspec.com/article/3365/new-process-for-copper-nanowires" href="http://insights.globalspec.com/article/3365/new-process-for-copper-nanowires" style="color: #00aadc;">http://insights.globalspec.com/article/3365/new-process-for-copper-nanowires</a></strong></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14855478605325661321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5567027332086528046.post-51237629967620836252016-09-22T19:48:00.001-07:002016-09-22T19:48:33.042-07:00Latest Applications for Flexible Circuits<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Latest Applications for Flexible Circuits</div>
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The advent of flexible and rigid-flex circuitry technology has revolutionized many aspects of modern electronic design. Components rely on flexible circuitry solutions for a range of applications that must process critical electronic signals, perform flawlessly in extreme environments, manage heat and power distribution, enable national defense, reduce automobile crashes, and do so via a miniaturized design.</div>
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The wide range of technologies enabled by customized flexible circuit designs and advanced flexible circuit material options has fueled advancements in automotive, medical, consumer, industrial and military/aerospace products and programs. Consider this cross section of examples:</div>
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State-of-the-art technology allows doctors to quickly diagnose early stage stroke and other critical health events via MRI. Flexible circuitry advances provide critical rapid-scan analysis, increased machine movement dynamics, and step-change image resolutions.</div>
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· Down-hole oil and gas measurement rely on flexible circuitry to measure and process information extracted thousands of feet below the earth’s surface.</div>
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· Miniature cameras driven by ultra-thin flex circuits are swallowed by patients and enable physicians to reduce diagnostic costs by providing real-time gastrointestinal images.</div>
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· Engine maintenance units and anti-lock brake systems in vehicles use polyimide circuitry to provide weight and cost savings over traditional wiring harnesses while withstanding under-hood environments.</div>
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· Rigid-flex printed circuit boards (PCBs) are produced with multiple layers and in circuit patterns down to 0.001” spacing, driving many aspects of next-generation military aircraft, ships and satellites.</div>
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· Smartphones use 3-D antennas and advanced optical drivers to provide clear videos while also dissipating heat.</div>
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· To be sure, flexible circuit technology is not new. Patents issued in 1903 show early researchers envisioning the use of flat copper ribbons sandwiched between insulating materials for telephone switching applications. But the technology momentum of using flexible printed circuits in lieu of wiring bundles is broadly a product of aerospace and defense industry developments in the 1950s. Printed circuit board applications then grew quickly across the industrial and consumer electronic sectors. Technology advancements and the demand for rigid board replacement in flex applications, as well as shrinking wiring design footprints and other space constraints resulted in the growth of flex solutions after 1990.</div>
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· Traditional dielectric material cores for copper-trace insulation in flexible circuits included polyester, polyethylene naphthalate, fluropolymers, and polyimides. These materials are formed by bonding copper to the dielectric materials under high heat and pressure with adhesive “glues” such as acrylics.</div>
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A technology leap occurred around 1998 when a new adhesive-less all-polyimide material option was introduced. It enabled thinner circuit profiles without the need for acrylic adhesive layers and improved the coefficient of thermal expansion match between the dielectric core material and the copper-circuit traces during high temperature PCB fabrication processing. The improved uniformity of the coefficient of thermal expansion in the all-polyimide materials provided a springboard for greater complexity and density, and widely expanded the use of flexible-circuit designs in demanding applications.</div>
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The move to all-polyimide circuitry for environments where temperatures exceed 200 degrees centigrade (such as under the hood of an automobile) opened still more markets. In recent years, all-polyimide flexible circuits have played a role in enabling the exploration of Mars. Some of the first panoramic views and the search for water were driven by flexible circuitry components on NASA vehicles roaming the Martian surface.</div>
<h3>
<strong>Flexible Circuit Constructions</strong></h3>
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There are four main types of flexible circuit constructions, each of which works best in certain applications:</div>
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<u>Single-Sided or Single-Layer Flex Circuit</u>:</div>
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· Single layer conductor (usually copper) bonded to a dielectric film</div>
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· Basic construction allows component connections to one side only</div>
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· Chemical etching forms designed circuit patterns, and a polyimide overlay is used to environmentally seal component traces</div>
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· Most economical flex circuit construction</div>
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· Many applications in automotive lighting, consumer devices and other cost-sensitive, high-volume applications where dynamic flex and thickness profile are required, but circuitry design isn’t complex</div>
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<u>Double-Sided Flex Circuit</u>:</div>
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· Two conductor layers of copper, double side bonded to a dielectric film</div>
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· Versatile construction can be customized to match physical and electrical application needs by varying copper type and thickness, and dielectric insulator thickness</div>
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· Plated thru-holes provide layer conductivity with double-sided solder connection compatibility</div>
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· Primarily used in bend-to-install applications due to dynamic flex capabilities provided by thin core construction and rolled-annealed copper conductors</div>
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· Cost to manufacture is higher than rigid PCB due to pattern loss and manual assembly of customized designs. Upsides include improved power/ground integration, 3D flex and vibration resistance.</div>
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<u>Multi-Layer Flex</u>:</div>
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· Three or more conductive layers combining multiple double sided or single sided circuits to create complex interconnection designs with required electrical shielding, often using surface mount technologies</div>
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· Higher cost due to multiple lamination steps required to bond layers together</div>
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· Specialized fabrication of discontinuous bonding in key areas allows for maximum flexibility while maintaining advanced properties such as impedance and crosstalk control.</div>
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· Common applications include connector cabling for medical/industrial applications and antenna flex.</div>
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<u>Rigid Flex</u>:</div>
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· Traditionally used in military/aerospace applications for highly specialized and demanding needs.</div>
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· Recent uses for industrial and commercial designs.</div>
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· Hybrid of both rigid and flexible circuitry for applications where extra support is needed in the core board area, but also requiring flexible capability in some areas</div>
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· Conductors in both rigid and flex areas are connected via plated thru holes across multiple layers</div>
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· Frequently exceeds 15 layers</div>
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· Often applied in low volume, mission critical applications due to its high cost and reliability</div>
<h3>
<strong>Next-Generation Flex: No Limits</strong></h3>
<div style="margin-bottom: 24px;">
New fabrication techniques and flex circuit material such as ultra-thin copper conductors (less than 5 microns), and high speed/low-moisture absorption dielectrics (such as liquid crystal polymer) will likely shape a new generation of design options.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 24px;">
Heaters and thermal management components present unique opportunities for flex circuits that are capable of delivering precise heating via circuits using non-copper metal traces such as inconel or cupro nickel. New technologies for aircraft wing deicers are being tested that use flexible materials to quickly heat and shed ice and prevent in-flight build-up. The technology may save on costly liquid deicing procedures and improve airline safety.</div>
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Other possible applications include hospital newborn incubation chambers that require uniform and consistent temperature control, surgical room and equipment support, deep-space satellite heating in low-power environments, military electronics for vision systems, and automotive seat heating and cooling.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 24px;">
Wearable flex continues to capture the imagination of designers and consumers alike. Fitness devices and watch phones are already a reality on many wrists, but on the horizon are technologies that may take the next step in health and human performance analysis. Flexible circuits are being developed for clothing-based biomedical sensors, displays and communication devices.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 24px;">
Such advances could relay real-time vital signs to doctors and hospitals for high-risk patients, provide first responders with rapid feedback in emergency situations, and equip military pilots and soldiers with next-generation vision and information tools. Smart and flexible fabrics are being targeted for wearable consumer electronics and even computers.</div>
Flexible circuitry continues to evolve and be used in more electronic devices. Begun as an alternative to bulky wiring harnesses, flex solutions are expanding in lightweight, rugged and efficient ways. In doing so, they are helping to miniaturize complex electronics and enable next-generation communications.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14855478605325661321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5567027332086528046.post-76987352160966490522016-09-08T19:45:00.001-07:002016-09-08T19:45:20.839-07:00ENABLING SMART GRIDS WITH THE INTERNET OF THINGS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 outlined the need to modernize the U.S. electricity transmission and distribution systems, helping to coin the term “Smart Grid.”</div>
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The criteria used to define the Smart Grid included a system that is self-healing from power disturbances, one that enables active participation by consumers, that is resilient to physical as well as cyber-attacks, which enables new products and services, that accommodates all generation and storage options, and that achieves operational efficiency.</div>
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The Internet of Things (IoT) in its most simplistic state is the network of physical devices and is what enables a power grid to achieve the ideals of a smart grid. IoT gained traction after the development and deployment of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6). It was with IPv6 that the ability to deploy, monitor, and control an ever increasing amount of physical devices over the World Wide Web became possible, alongside the ability to create a smart grid.</div>
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The development of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) alleviated concerns with the exhaustion of available IP addresses and also offers built-in security functions. IPv6 uses a 128-bit address which was designed to replace the 32-bit predecessor IPv4 allowing connections of more than 7.9×1028 times as many devices as was possible with IPv4. This advancement exceeds future requirements, but IPv6 also offers network-layer encryption and authentication because compliance with Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) is mandatory.</div>
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IPsec is a protocol suite that authenticates and encrypts each IP packet of a communication session. Data is authenticated and encrypted whether communicating between a pair of hosts, a pair of security gateways, or between a security gateway and a host automatically securing data flow over IP networks. Together, IPv6 and IPsec are ubiquitous to the infrastructure and real-time data updates that are necessary for the smart grid.</div>
<h3 style="color: #3d596d; font-family: Merriweather, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;">
Wide-area Monitoring System (WAMS)</h3>
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Establishing a wide-area monitoring system (WAMS) for the electric power grid is the latest trend that utilizes the abilities of IPv6 and brings the concepts of the smart grid closer to reality. The interconnection of phasor measurement units (PMUs) and phasor data concentrators (PDCs) at the local, regional, and master branches brings together a situational awareness tool that enables operators to respond to power disturbances in real-time.</div>
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The technology incorporates a network of PMUs at the distribution level. Each PMU is identified by its corresponding GPS unit relaying time-synchronized measurements of grid status at high data rates. The PDC then compiles the phasor data flowing through the grid at numerous locations. The end result is a powerful insight tool that surpasses the abilities of many advanced SCADA systems.</div>
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In support of WAMS, IEEE formulated the standard “IEEE Std C37.118.1-2011,” which defines thresholds for synchrophasors, frequency, and rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) measurement to be taken by PMUs under all operating conditions. The standard sets a benchmark for time tag and synchronization requirements that was superseded by its amendment in 2014, “IEEE Std C37.118.1a-2014,” in order to remove limitations and correct for inconsistencies that previously made compliance difficult to achieve.</div>
<h3 style="color: #3d596d; font-family: Merriweather, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;">
The Smart Grid</h3>
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Achieving the ideals of a smart grid remains a goal that has yet to be reached. WAMS helps to mitigate blackouts, resolve insufficient transmission capacity, and increases operational efficiency. Despite these improvements, however, existing infrastructure fails to augment centralized power stations and power quality stands for improvement.</div>
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WAMS is able to identify and correct for power disturbances that, in some cases, seem to uphold the goal of a self-healing power grid. The issue here is that energy demand continues to increase and the adoption of renewable and distributed energy sources fails to fully augment dependency from centralized power stations while adding a further layer of operational complexity.</div>
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The unpredictability, variability, and intermittent generation of power from distributed and renewable power sources cause complex power exchanges. This forces aging infrastructure to operate on the fringe of its limitations. One possible solution is the development of IoT-enabled discrete energy systems capable of autonomous operation in what is known as a microgrid.</div>
<h3 style="color: #3d596d; font-family: Merriweather, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;">
Microgrids</h3>
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A case study published in in IEEE Smart Grid Newsletter “Developing of Distributed Generation and Microgrids in China” found that while micro grids are still relatively new, they are becoming an indispensable configuration that may solve issues with transmission limitations. To ensure efficient utilization of renewable and distributed energy, microgrids are being developed to offer reliability and alleviate dependency on high-voltage power transmission systems.</div>
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The demonstration projects referenced in the IEEE newsletter are being used to verify that microgrids are a reliable and sustainable power source. The projects can operate in urban, rural, or isolated environments with the ability to tie into the grid. Standardization by organizations like the State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC), IEC, and IEEE has helped researchers address test procedures, integration requirements, as well as technology development.</div>
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WAMS and microgrids are evolving to bring a smart grid closer to reality. The availability of grid status updates in real time and optimization of integrate distributed and renewable energy sources are key improvement. Ongoing research revolves around optimal PMU placement, active participation by consumers, and a proper balance of distributed and renewable energy sources. As the nearly decade-old vision of a smart grid takes shape, it has grown clearer that IoT is the tool set that makes that dream possible.</div>
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Forward by <a data-mce-href="http://insights.globalspec.com/article/3169/enabling-smart-grids-with-the-internet-of-things" href="http://insights.globalspec.com/article/3169/enabling-smart-grids-with-the-internet-of-things" rel="nofollow" style="color: #00aadc;">http://insights.globalspec.com/article/3169/enabling-smart-grids-with-the-internet-of-things</a></div>
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The article is to convey more information, any question please contact <a data-mce-href="mailto:sales@caledoniancable.com" href="mailto:sales@caledoniancable.com" style="color: #00aadc;">sales@caledoniancable.com</a> or visit our website<a data-mce-href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/" href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #00aadc;">http://www.caledoniancable.com</a></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14855478605325661321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5567027332086528046.post-18619039245034667752016-09-01T00:36:00.001-07:002016-09-01T00:36:08.525-07:00Caledonian Flame Retardant Cable<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Flame Retardant cables are designed for use in fire situations where the spread of flames along a cable route needs to be retarded. Due to relative low cost, fire retardant cables are widely used as fire survival cables.</div>
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Flame retardant cables are not rated to continue to operate under fire circumstance but it will resist the propagation of fire into a new area by having behavior in fire under defined conditions which is proven by passing the test as per IEC 60332.</div>
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In the event of fire, the ordinary flame retardant cable may produce a large amount of corrosive gases and smoke after combustion, and can be used in general occasions with low flame retardant requirement.</div>
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Ordinary flame retardant cable’s flammability has A, B, C, D four categories:</div>
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For Class A and Class B fire tests, the fire time is 40 minutes, and for Class C and Class D fire tests, the fire time is 20 minutes, and the charring height does not exceed 2.5 m.</div>
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The outer sheath of Caledonian flame retardant cables is flame retardant PVC. These cables are slightly more expensive than normal PVC cables and are widely used in power stations, mass transit underground passenger systems, airports, petrochemical plants, hotels, hospitals, and high-rise buildings and etc.</div>
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Caledonian flame retardant cables consist of a wide range of power cables, control cables, instrumentation cables, coaxial cables, and Cat5 & 6 cables, all of which comply with the main international standards (IEC 60502-1,BS 6724,BS 5308,BS 7211, BS 5308 Part1 Type1 & 2,BS 5308 Part 1 Type 1,BS 5308 Part 1 Type 2 ,EN50173 ,EIA/TIA 485, MIL-C-17,Telcordia GR409-core/ TIA/EIA 568B.3 / ICEA-S-83-596,Telcordia GR-20 /RUS 7 CFR 1755.900 (REA PE-90) / ICEA S 87-640,and etc.).</div>
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For more information, please visit our website: <a data-mce-href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/index.htm" href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/index.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #00aadc;" target="_blank">http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/index.htm</a></div>
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or email us at sales@caledoniancable.com</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14855478605325661321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5567027332086528046.post-40832009604841459702016-09-01T00:21:00.001-07:002016-09-01T00:21:36.302-07:00OPERATION PRINCIPLE AND TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBER CABLES<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Last time, we introduce the <a data-mce-href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/fiber_optic_cables/index.htm" href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/fiber_optic_cables/index.htm" style="color: #00aadc;" target="_blank">Optical Fiber Cabling and cable</a>construction. Today, we’ll go on to introduce the operation principle and types of <a data-mce-href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/fiber_optic_cables/index.htm" href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/fiber_optic_cables/index.htm" style="color: #00aadc;" target="_blank">optical fiber cables</a>.</div>
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<strong>Singlemode</strong> and <strong>multimode, </strong>are two types of optical fiber.<a data-mce-href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/fiber_optic_cables/index.htm" href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/fiber_optic_cables/index.htm" style="color: #00aadc;" target="_blank">Multimode fiber</a> has a much larger core than <a data-mce-href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/fiber_optic_cables/index.htm" href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/fiber_optic_cables/index.htm" style="color: #00aadc;" target="_blank">SingleMode fiber</a>, allowing hundreds of rays of light to propagate through the fiber simultaneously (High Order Mode). Multimode fiber may have a typical core diameter of 50 to 100 µm with a refractive index that is graded or stepped. It allows the use of inexpensive LED light sources and connector alignment and coupling is less critical than single mode fiber. Singlemode fiber, on the other hand, has a much smaller core that allows only one mode of light to propagate through the core (Low Order Mode). The fiber has a very small core diameter of approximately 8 µm. It permits signal transmission at extremely high bandwidth and allows very long transmission distances. It might appear that Multimode fibers have higher information carrying capacity, where the Singlemode fibers retain the integrity of each light pulse over longer distances, allowing more information to be transmitted. This high bandwidth has made Single Mode fiber the ideal transmission medium for many applications. Multimode fiber today is used primarily in premise applications, where transmission distances are less than two kilometers.</div>
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The types of <a data-mce-href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/fiber_optic_cables/index.htm" href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/fiber_optic_cables/index.htm" style="color: #00aadc;" target="_blank">Optical Fiber Cables </a>including: Breakout Cable,Interconnect Cable, Lose Tube Cable, Low Smoke and Zero Halogen Cable, LXE Light Guide Express Entry Cable, Lightpack Cable, .Indoor/Outdoor Loose Tube Cable, Tactical/Military Cable, Simplex and Zip Cord, Distribution Cables, Ribbon Cable, Armored Cable, Aerial cable</div>
<ol style="color: #3d596d; font-family: Merriweather, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 25.5px;">
<li><strong>Breakout optical fiber Cable</strong></li>
</ol>
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Breakout cables are designed with alldielectric construction to insure EMI immunity. It is basically several simplex fibers packaged individually inside one jacket. The design of the breakout-style cable adds strength to the cable,Breakout cable is suitable for riser and plenum applications such as routing within buildings, in riser shafts, and under computer room floors. The Breakout design enables the individual reinforced; you can divide the cable into individual fiber lines. In addition to the standard duty 2.4 mm subunit design, a 2.9 mm heavy duty and a 2.0 mm lite duty design are also available.</div>
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<strong>2.Interconnect optical fiber Cable</strong></div>
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Interconnect cable is use in dielectric construction and aims to provides EMI immunity. This type of cable is usually used as “jumper” for intra-building distribution. Interconnect Cable can be design in single mode and multimode fiber and this cable can be ordered for riser environments.</div>
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<strong>3.<a data-mce-href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Fire-Retardant-Cable/Central-Loose.html" href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Fire-Retardant-Cable/Central-Loose.html" style="color: #00aadc;">Lose Tube optical fiber Cable</a></strong></div>
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In loose-tube construction the fiber is laid helically into semi-rigid tubes, allowing the cable to stretch without stretching the fiber itself. This protects the fiber from tension during laying and due to temperature changes, therefore these are usually suitable for outdoor duct, aerial, and direct buried installations.</div>
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<strong>4.<a data-mce-href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Railway_Cables/Railway_Telecom_Cables/K209B.htm" href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Railway_Cables/Railway_Telecom_Cables/K209B.htm" style="color: #00aadc;">Low Smoke, Zero Halogen optical fiber Cable</a></strong></div>
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Low smoke zero halogen (LSZH or LSOH) is a type of cable jacketing used in the manufacture of industrial and network cabling. LSZH cable jacketing is composed of thermoplastic or thermoset compounds that emit limited smoke and no halogens when exposed to high sources of heat. It is designed to replace standard polyethylene jacketed fiber optic cables in environments where public safety is of great concern.</div>
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Most network cables are insulated with PVC plastic. In fires, this plastic material releases chlorine, a poisonous gas, which forms caustic hydrochloric acid when it comes in contact with water. Halogen-free cable, on the other hand, is made of a different material called polypropylene, which doesn’t produce a dangerous gas/acid combination.</div>
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Low smoke zero halogen cable reduces the amount of toxic and corrosive gases emitted during combustion. Typically used in poorly ventilated areas, low smoke zero halogen is becoming very popular where the protection of people and equipment from toxic and corrosive gasses is critical.</div>
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Low smoke zero halogen cable is available with any optical fibers, both singlemode and multimode, in loose tube, tight buffer or breakout constructions. Attenuations as low as 0.4 dB/km, and bandwidths as high as 1000 MHZ/km, can be supplied.</div>
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<li><strong>LXE Light Guide Express Entry optical fiber Cable </strong></li>
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The LXE (Lightguide Express Entry) sheath system is designed with the loop distribution market in mind, where express entry (accessing fibers in the middle of a cable span) is a common practice.</div>
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The LXE sheath system achieves a 600 pound (2670 N) tensile rating through the use of linearly applied strength members placed 180 degrees opposite each other.</div>
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High density polyethylene (HDPE) is used for the cable jacket to provide both faster installation, through a lower coefficient of friction, and optimum cable core protection in hostile environments.</div>
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LXE Light Guide Express Entry Cable is the standard Non-Metallic (Dielectric) Lightguide Express Entry (LXE) cable, containing Multimode fiber.</div>
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<strong>6.Lightpack optical fiber Cable</strong></div>
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A cable core design that allows bundles of optical fibers in a cable core without central strength members. The LightPack cable features an easy-to-install, compact design that protects your network in outside plant environments. The LightPack cable core is a bundle of 2 to 12 fibers (up to 8 bundles, 96 fibers) held together loosely with two helically applied binders. Positive identification of each fiber is provided by color coding both the fibers and the binders.</div>
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<strong>7.Indoor/Outdoor Loose Tube optical fiber Cable</strong></div>
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Indoor/outdoor stranded loose tube combines the robust mechanical and environmental characteristics of an outside plant cable with the flexibility of an inside plant riser cable. They meet or exceed Article 770 of the NEC and UL Subject 1666 (Type OFNR). They also meet CSA C22.2 No. 232M1988 Type OFNFT4.</div>
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All of the RLT products utilize a proprietary ChromaTek 3 jacketing system that is designed for resistance to moisture, sunlight and flame for use both indoors and outdoors By installing indoor/outdoor stranded loose tube, costly splice locations entering into a building are avoided, being routed directly from the outside plant to telecommunications closets, or main distribution frames (MDF) through the riser of a building and eliminating the “50-foot rule.”</div>
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Main Features:</div>
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<li>Building interconnections</li>
<li>Telecommunications and data trunk</li>
<li>Long haul networking</li>
<li>Direct burial and aerial lashing</li>
<li>Applications requiring good ozone, moisture, weather resistance</li>
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<strong>8.Tactical/Military optical fiber Cable</strong></div>
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Tactical cable utilizes a tight buffer configuration in an all dielectric construction. The tight buffer design offers increased ruggedness, ease of handling and connectorization. Tactical fiber optic cable designed to be quickly deployed across the ground for communications in battlefield conditions – can survive being run over by tanks, trucks and armored Humvees.</div>
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<strong>9.Simplex and Zip optical fiber Cord</strong></div>
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Simplex cables are one fiber, tight-buffered (coated with a 900 micron buffer over the primary buffer coating) with Kevlar (aramid fiber) strength members and jacketed for indoor use. The jacket is usually 3mm (1/8 in.) diameter. Zipcord is simply two of these joined with a thin web. It’s used mostly for patch cord and backplane applications, but zipcord can also be used for desktop connections.</div>
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<strong>10.Distribution optical fiber Cables</strong></div>
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They contain several tight-buffered fibers bundled under the same jacket with Kevlar strength members and sometimes fiberglass rod reinforcement to stiffen the cable and prevent kinking. These cables are small in size, and used for short, dry conduit runs, riser and plenum applications. The fibers are double buffered and can be directly terminated, but because their fibers are not individually reinforced, these cables need to be broken out with a “breakout box" or terminated inside a patch panel or junction box.</div>
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<strong>11.Ribbon optical fiber Cable</strong></div>
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This cable offers the highest packing density, since all the fibers are laid out in rows, typically of 12 fibers, and laid on top of each other. This way 144 fibers only has a cross section of about 1/4 inch or 6 mm! Some cable designs use a “slotted core" with up to 6 of these 144 fiber ribbon assemblies for 864 fibers in one cable! Since it’s outside plant cable, it’s gel-filled for water blocking.</div>
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<strong>12.<a data-mce-href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Railway_Cables/Railway_Telecom_Cables/K209B.htm" href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Railway_Cables/Railway_Telecom_Cables/K209B.htm" style="color: #00aadc;">Armored optical fiberCable</a></strong></div>
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Cable installed by direct burial in areas where rodents are problems usually have metal armoring between two jackets to prevent rodent penetration. This means the cable is conductive, so it must be grounded properly.</div>
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<strong>13.Aerial optical fiber cable</strong></div>
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<a data-mce-href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/abc-cables/index.html" href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/abc-cables/index.html" style="color: #00aadc;" target="_blank">Aerial cables</a> are for outside installation on poles. They can be lashed to a messenger or another cable (common in CATV) or have metal or aramid strength members to make them self supporting.</div>
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<strong>Any questions, please don’t hesitate to contact me and let’s discuss together. Email: sales@caledoniancable.com</strong></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14855478605325661321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5567027332086528046.post-65745364096021683752016-08-24T23:29:00.002-07:002016-08-24T23:29:42.328-07:00World's First LNG-Powered Bulker announce- Marine cable application<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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It’s reported by MarEx that Korean shipowner, Ilshin, and Hyundai Mipo Dockyard have signed a contract for the construction of an LNG-fuelled, 50,000 dwt bulk carrier, a world first for the segment.</div>
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The vessel will be powered by a dual-fuel MAN B&W 6G50ME-C9.5-GI engine, to be built by Hyundai Heavy Industries - Engine & Machinery Division (HHI-EMD) who will also supply the ME-GI and fuel gas supply system. POSCO, the multinational steel-making company headquartered in Pohang, South Korea, has already agreed to charter the newbuilding upon delivery, and will use the vessel to transport limestone for its operations.</div>
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POSCO will deliver the LNG fuel tank, which will be made of high-manganese steel as an alternative material to the currently widely used nickel alloy.</div>
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MAN Diesel & Turbo claims the ME-GI engine – in contrast to competing engines – has only a negligible, unburnt gas slip, consequently adding very little to the greenhouse effects of such slips. In addition, the diesel combustion principle leaves no formaldehyde emissions.</div>
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In June, Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (DSME) signed new contracts to build two ME-GI engine-powered LNG carriers for Maran Gas Maritime. Each of the carriers will be fitted with MAN B&W 2 x 5G70ME-C9.5-GI engines, fulfilling IMO Tier III compliance requirements.</div>
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A vessel’s electrical system mainly includes 5 parts: generator rating, main switchboard, motor controls, emergency services, and ship’s auxiliary services. Each part will be connected by marine cables or marine wires. According to the different uses, marine cables are divided into marine power cable, marine control, marine instrumentation cable, marine data and communication cable, etc.</div>
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<img alt="" class="_h2z _297z _usd img" data-mce-src="https://fbcdn-sphotos-a-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xla1/v/t1.0-9/13669011_1739442712990866_4312880214714540214_n.png?oh=a879e3cc4a8f668a25780e18c8f83d90&oe=584942A6&__gda__=1480833896_3ebc12120bd155a779da6183c78f4917" id="u_0_4" src="https://fbcdn-sphotos-a-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xla1/v/t1.0-9/13669011_1739442712990866_4312880214714540214_n.png?oh=a879e3cc4a8f668a25780e18c8f83d90&oe=584942A6&__gda__=1480833896_3ebc12120bd155a779da6183c78f4917" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%;" /><div class="_h2w _50f8 _50f4">
Vessel’s electrical system</div>
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To ensure the perfect mechanical and electrical properties, the Shipbuilding Company and ship Maintenance Company should purchase the marine cables to internationally recognized standards. Such as: <a data-mce-href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/NEK606_Water_Blocked/NEK606_Water_Blocked.html" href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/NEK606_Water_Blocked/NEK606_Water_Blocked.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #00aadc;" target="_blank">NEK 606 cable</a>, <a data-mce-href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Offshore_Marine_Cables/index.html" href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Offshore_Marine_Cables/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #00aadc;" target="_blank">IEC 60092 cable</a> (IEC 60092-350, IEC 60092-351, IEC 60092-352, IEC 60092-353, IEC 60092-354, IEC 60092-359, IEC 60092-375, IEC 60092-376), IEC 60331, IEC 60332, IEC 60446, IEC 60754, IEC 60811, IEC 61034, <a data-mce-href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Offshore/index.html" href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Offshore/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #00aadc;" target="_blank">BS 6883 cable</a>, <a data-mce-href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Offshore/index.html" href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Offshore/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #00aadc;" target="_blank">BS7917 cable</a>, etc.</div>
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In order to meet the growing needs of customers, Caledonian has developed water blocked marine cable, Flame Retardant marine cable, Fire Resistant marine cable, mud resistant composite cable, etc.</div>
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If you’ve got any questions about marine cables, please don’t hesitate to contact sales@caledoniancable.com</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14855478605325661321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5567027332086528046.post-17790122461992097042016-08-24T23:19:00.002-07:002016-08-24T23:19:13.830-07:00“LIQUID FINGERPRINTING" TECHNIQUE TO BE COMMERCIALIZED<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Start-up company Validere is commercializing sensing technology that can perform instant, in-field characterization of the chemical make-up and material properties of unknown liquids.</div>
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Validere plans to develop the Watermark Ink (W-INK) technology, developed by Harvard University scientists and engineers, into a pocket-sized device that could be used by first responders to quickly identify chemical spills, or by officials to verify the fuel grade of gasoline right at the pump.</div>
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Developed in the laboratory of Joanna Aizenberg, professor of materials science, the W-INK concept exploits the chemical and optical properties of precisely nanostructured materials to distinguish liquids by their surface tension. Akin to the litmus paper used in chemistry labs to detect the pH of a liquid, the detector changes color when it comes in contact with a liquid with a particular surface tension. The color-changing strip can be programmed to respond precisely to the unique surface tension exhibited by any liquid of interest.</div>
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Aizenberg’s lab specializes in reverse-engineering nature. W-INK mimics two biological systems to achieve a tunable device with properties that allow it to change colors when it comes in contact with certain liquids. The wings of some species of butterfly owe their brilliant colors to structure rather than pigment; while brittle stars, relatives of starfish, can change color from black to white by modulating the position of pigmented cells inside lens-like, light-focusing structures arranged in an array across the star’s back.</div>
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By combining both of these mechanisms so that they respond optically to liquid infiltration into chemically modified porous structures, Aizenberg’s team developed a liquid decoder that is small enough to fit in the palm of the hand and can function without a power source. Engineered surface properties interact with liquids to change the interfacial chemistry of the test strip, which instantly causes corresponding color changes or markers to appear.</div>
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With support from the U.S. Federal Railroad Administration, Aizenberg is now leading research efforts to optimize the sensing capabilities, while Burgess is spearheading Validere’s development of software and an interface device that will translate visual test results into recommended action for handling identified liquids. The device will pair with disposable strips to comprise customizable field test kits that can be tailored to identify virtually any liquid or liquidmixture.</div>
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The article forwarded is to convey more information, any question please contact me : sales@caledoniancable.com</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14855478605325661321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5567027332086528046.post-18122532785723370272016-08-17T01:48:00.001-07:002016-08-17T01:48:54.417-07:00From Mars to Earth: Engineering Innovations Find Earthbound Applications<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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NASA’s Mars Rover Exploration program has forced engineers to devise solutions to address new and novel problems. Some of these solutions, as with previous space missions, are now being applied to solve earthbound problems. </div>
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For example, many terrestrial machines and machines must operate remotely with infrequent visits from service personnel. This is particularly true when equipment is installed in harsh environments, such as in cold climes or desert regions. Mars Rover technology leads the way in this area. Specific innovations applicable to earthbound issues include flexible circuitry, labyrinth seal technology and robot arms. </div>
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The Mars program is ongoing, with the next expedition scheduled for July 2020 when a new machine, about the size of a bus, will be the payload. This next rover will benefit from heritage technology as it aims to pioneer investigations that include the usability and availability of Martian resources (perhaps most importantly, oxygen) to support human missions. </div>
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From the first prototypes, engineers focused on mission-critical systems and the required seamless interactions among them. These systems include propulsion, power, telecommunications, avionics and software. Developing and refining these core systems is the technology base for successfully navigating a craft into the atmosphere of another planet. </div>
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Engineering innovation strives to meet the challenges of traveling to and executing tasks on Mars. Specific challenges include entry-descent-landing, autonomous planetary mobility, technology to cope with severe environments, and sample collection and return logistics. </div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">20 Years of Exploration</span> </div>
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The first successful payload delivered to Mars was the size of a microwave oven and weighed just 23 pounds. Sojourner touched down on Mars on July 4, 1997 following a seven-month journey, and returned the first images of the Martian surface via a color stereo imaging camera. </div>
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Although designed for a life of seven Martian solar days (1.03 Earth days), Sojourner exceeded expectations by a factor of 12. It provided chemical and visual data during its unexpected 84-day life. During the mission, scientists and engineers confirmed for the first time the feasibility of developing, designing, launching and operating a planetary mission to Mars all while meeting extreme performance challenges and demands. </div>
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Buoyed by the success, NASA increased its Mars exploration projects’ scope and complexity. The twin rovers Spirit and Opportunity landed three weeks apart in January 2004. Bigger and better than Sojourner, each was around the size of a riding lawn mower and weighed about 400 pounds. </div>
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Outfitted with high-tech robotic arms and camera systems, these rovers provided the first high-resolution panoramic landscape shots of the Martian surface. Designed to last 90 Martian solar days, these missions also exceeded longevity targets. Spirit operated 20 times longer than planners anticipated, and travelled 4.8 miles over steep craters and rocky hills before becoming stuck in sand in late 2009. Rover Opportunity, meanwhile, remains functional and has travelled more than 26 miles across the planet. </div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">It’s Not the Fall, It’s the Landing</span> </div>
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NASA and Jet Propulsion Laboratory engineers held their collective breaths as the most ambitious and most expensive ($2.5 billion) Rover mission landed on Aug. 6, 2012. Weighing 384 pounds and presenting the profile of a large auto sedan, the Rover Curiosity began its work after a safe landing. Known by the mission team as the Seven Minutes of Terror, the required standard operating procedure for the landing required executing the following steps: </div>
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<li class="_2cuy _509q _2vxa" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px auto 12px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap; width: auto; word-wrap: break-word;">Enter the Martian atmosphere travelling at 13,000mph</li>
<li class="_2cuy _509q _2vxa" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px auto 12px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap; width: auto; word-wrap: break-word;">Resist heat from friction up to 1,600 degrees</li>
<li class="_2cuy _509q _2vxa" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px auto 12px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap; width: auto; word-wrap: break-word;">Rely on the atmospheric friction to slow the descent to 1,000 mph</li>
<li class="_2cuy _509q _2vxa" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px auto 12px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap; width: auto; word-wrap: break-word;">Jettison the heat shield without impacting and damaging the rover</li>
<li class="_2cuy _509q _2vxa" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px auto 12px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap; width: auto; word-wrap: break-word;">Deploy the largest supersonic parachute ever built to slow the craft down to 200 mph</li>
<li class="_2cuy _509q _2vxa" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px auto 12px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap; width: auto; word-wrap: break-word;">Detach from the parachute to induce free fall while simultaneously firing blasting rockets to further slow descent and steer clear of the chute</li>
<li class="_2cuy _509q _2vxa" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px auto 12px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap; width: auto; word-wrap: break-word;">Deploy a complex sky crane cabling system to lower the rover from the craft in final descent (aka rover on a rope)</li>
<li class="_2cuy _509q _2vxa" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px auto 12px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap; width: auto; word-wrap: break-word;">Gently lower the rover into the constrained zone of the Gale Crater while jettisoning the cables and overhead craft away from Curiosity</li>
<li class="_2cuy _509q _2vxa" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px auto 12px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap; width: auto; word-wrap: break-word;">Wait seven minutes for the Rover to send a confirmation-of-life signal to Earth.</li>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">No Service Calls</span> </div>
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Mars Rover vehicles must be robust, self-sustaining and equipped with the instrumentation and capabilities necessary for mission success from the moment they leave planet Earth. System failures, mechanical breakdowns and power malfunctions are irrecoverable. Mission success or failure solely rests on the base level engineering designs. </div>
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For example, engineers used advanced labyrinth seal technology to protect gear boxes from Martian sand and dirt on all Rovers since Sojourner, a technology which has now found widespread use on Earth. </div>
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Each labyrinth seal is composed of many grooves, presenting a tortuous path to help prevent dust infiltration, or lubrication leakage around rotating parts. Labyrinth seals on rotating shafts provide non-contact sealing action by controlling the passage of fluid through a variety of chambers by centrifugal motion, as well as by the formation of controlled fluid vortices. At higher speeds, centrifugal motion forces the liquid towards the outside and away from any passages. </div>
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Similarly, any liquid escaping the main chamber becomes trapped in a labyrinth chamber, where it is forced into a vortex-like motion. This acts to prevent its escape, and also acts to repel foreign entry. Because these labyrinth seals are non-contact, they do not wear out. Components are made up of hard but lightweight metallic alloys of titanium, copper and aluminum to withstand stress and impacts. </div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">Electronics Innovations</span> </div>
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Flexible circuit electronic materials was one of the critical enablers for the low-weight and reliable system design of the Mars Rover drive system, panorama cameras, on-board diagnostics communications, and the robotic exploration arm. This is another example of technologies with widespread applicability on Earth. </div>
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The design teams used polyimide-based flexible circuitry to achieve the highest electronic signal performance and mechanical durability. With 70 yards of flexible circuit materials replacing traditional round wires and cable bundles, designers achieved a 70% volume and weight reduction in crucial components. They also gained the toughness of polyimide chemistry necessary to cope with the temperature extremes of the Martian surface. </div>
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Mars 2020 will benefit from a heritage of technologies, and will be equipped with next-generation navigation and exploratory capabilities. For example, by using what engineers call a “range trigger,” earthbound pilots will be able to specify where they want the landing parachute to open. And terrain-relative navigation systems will analyze downward-looking images taken during the craft’s descent to map and optimize travel zones for scientific optimization. </div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14855478605325661321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5567027332086528046.post-42712774062120041232016-08-17T01:46:00.000-07:002016-08-17T01:46:07.993-07:00Modular Construction in the Oil and Gas Industry<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Over the last three decades, operators throughout the oil and gas industry have elected to build larger, more fit-for-purpose facilities. This has subsequently led to an increase in the number of projects experiencing schedule delays and cost overruns. With crude prices at or above $100 per barrel these issues, while problematic, were often economically justifiable.</div>
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In more recent years, however, as producers have struggled to maintain profitability amid the long-term price slump, cost cutting and schedule reduction have become critical. One strategy companies are using to cope with these challenges is modular construction.</div>
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<span class="_5yi-">Modular Construction Benefits</span></div>
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Modular construction involves prefabricating equipment and systems into modules offsite in a controlled manufacturing facility. Once constructed, the modules are delivered to the building or production site where they can be installed and commissioned. This approach offers a number of advantages over traditional stick-built methods of construction where the majority of work is performed onsite. A few of these include:</div>
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Reliable Access to Skilled Manpower <span class="_5yi-">–</span> Modular construction offers access to the type of workers required to build large-scale facilities. This is particularly critical in the oil and gas industry, where the pool of experienced tradespeople such as welders and electricians can be limited. With a stick-built approach, securing skilled craft workers can often inflate costs due to the need to provide travel allowances and/or housing accommodations. In many instances, an offsite module fabrication facility can be selected in a region or country where the labor supply and demand relationship is more balanced, allowing the operator to take advantage of lower rates.</div>
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Shorter Development Schedule <span class="_5yi-">–</span> Modularized construction can reduce a project’s development schedule, and it does so in a number of different ways. First, by assembling modules using prefabricated parts offsite in a designated facility, the chance of running into delays caused by weather or other environmentally-related factors is minimized. Second, building offsite also affords operators the advantage of being able to perform work on multiple areas of a facility simultaneously. This is not always possible when using the traditional stick-built approach, particularly when it comes to offshore facilities, as the amount of workable space onsite is often limited. Third, by performing work offsite, operators can remove certain activities from the schedule’s critical path and reduce the chance of trickle-down delays.</div>
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Improved Quality <span class="_5yi-">–</span> Prefabricating modules also provides a number of advantages with regards to quality control and assurance. In an outside onsite environment, metal expansion and contraction caused by variations in temperature can impact the integrity of welds. This is in contrast to plant fabrication offsite, often performed indoors, where weld reject rates are substantially lower. Prefabrication also allows for testing of modules before arriving onsite. In doing so, any problems with equipment or systems can be identified and quickly resolved, significantly reducing costs during the installation and commissioning phase of a project.</div>
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Increased Safety – Prefabricating facility components reduces the number of individuals required to be working onsite, which can simplify construction activities and increases overall safety. This is especially the case with expansion and/or upgrade projects, as it reduces the need to perform construction work in close proximity to ongoing facility operations. Moreover, prefabrication can minimize the need to shut down parts of an existing plant, leading to less downtime and increased production.</div>
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<span class="_5yi-">Modular Construction Offshore</span></div>
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Modularization has become particularly prominent in the offshore oil and gas industry because the offshore facility development cycle is longer, riskier and more expensive.</div>
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The typical development cycle of a conventional offshore floating production system (FPS) is anywhere from five to seven years from concept to first oil. However, through the increased use of modularized construction and standardized designs, many operators have been able to reduce time to first oil and improve the overall operating flexibility of their facilities.</div>
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One example of this can be seen with the Delta House FPS in the Gulf of Mexico’s Mississippi Canyon. The project is part Delta House Field Development Project, a joint venture between LLOG Exploration and Blackstone Energy Partners.</div>
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Unlike the conventional development approach taken by most FPS operators, which involves drilling appraisal wells and studying reservoir composition prior to design and construction, work on Delta House began before any specific pressure, volume, temperature and production data was available. This required topsides contractor Audubon Engineering Solutions to implement a scalable, “one size fits most” modular design able to handle a range of hydrocarbon profiles.</div>
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Audubon also standardized approximately 85% of the topsides, which further improved the overall flexibility of the platform and allowed for design modifications during the construction process.</div>
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The use of standardization and modularization, along with other unconventional techniques, ultimately allowed Delta House to achieve first oil in April of 2015 – just three years after construction on the facility commenced and roughly 2-3 years earlier than other comparable platforms in the Gulf of Mexico.</div>
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<span class="_5yi-">Modularization Challenges</span></div>
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Modular construction does not come without drawbacks.</div>
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One of the biggest challenges associated with prefabricating modules offsite is transportation. Because modules typically consist of multiple pieces of equipment ancillary piping, control systems and other components on a single skid, size and weight can be significant. This often poses logistical issues, which can increase complexity and inflate costs.</div>
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For instance, modular construction may be a solution for projects located in remote regions where skilled labor is difficult to secure. However, as special planning and transportation measures are required to safely deliver modules to the site. Delivery is made even more difficult in the winter months, as many routes to remote areas are closed or simply not suitable for heavy-haul operations. This was evident on the ExxonNeftegas Sakhalin Island Onshore Processing facility in Chayvo, Russia, where subzero temperatures and blizzard conditions forced the EPC contractor, Fluor, to schedule module deliveries in the summer months.</div>
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In addition, because modules have to be integrated to allow for transportation and lifting, they have little extra space on the skid or module for ongoing operation and maintenance. While this is not always an issue, it sometimes can create difficulty when the module has to be serviced due to the fact that there is a limited amount of workable room for maintenance personnel to access components, especially on the inner sections of the skids.</div>
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Modular construction techniques have been used throughout the oil and gas industry for many years. However, with increased pressure on operators to reduce development schedules, cut costs, and become more efficient—their use in both the onshore and offshore arenas is becoming more common. This may well continue to be the case as the industry copes with low commodity prices and looks for ways to maintain profitability.</div>
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Original site: <a data-mce-href="http://www.caledoniancable.com" href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #00aadc;" target="_blank">http://www.caledoniancable.com</a></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14855478605325661321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5567027332086528046.post-52640971197449093632016-08-10T02:31:00.002-07:002016-08-10T02:31:13.856-07:00INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL FIBER CABLING AND OPTICAL FIBER CABLES<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
In order to know Optical Fiber Cabling system, we should know What is Optical Fiber first.<br />
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DEFINITION OF OPTICAL FIBER<br />
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An optical fiber (or fibre) is a glass or plastic fiber designed to guide light along its length. Fiber optics is the overlap of applied science and engineering concernedwith the design and application of optical fibers. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communication, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher data rates than other forms of communications. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss, and they are immune to electromagnetic interference. Optical fibers are also used to form sensors, and in a variety of other applications.<br />
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2.WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF USING OPTICAL FIBER?<br />
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Low signal loss, high bandwidth properties are the main characteristics of fiber cable, they can be used over greater distances than copper cables, in data networks this can be as much as 2km without the use of repeaters. On a long distance line, there is an equipment hut every 4 to 6 meters. The hut contains equipment like spades and rakes that are used to pick up and retransmit the split signal down the next segment at full strength.<br />
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Their light weight and small size also make them ideal for applications where running copper cables would be impractical, and by using multiplexors one fibre could replace hundreds of copper cables. The real benefits in the data industry are its immunity to Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI).<br />
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Due to the fact that glass is not an electrical conductor and is non-conductive, it can be used where electrical isolation is needed, for instance between buildings where copper cables would require cross bonding to eliminate differences in earth potentials. Fibres also pose no threat in dangerous environments such as chemical plants where a spark could trigger an explosion. Last but not least is the security aspect, it is very, very difficult to tap into a fibre cable to read the data signals.<br />
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Further information on optical fiber Cables, please go to mwww.caledoniancable.com<br />
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3.COMMON FIBRE CONSTRUCTION<br />
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There are many different types of fiber cable; in this FAQ we will deal with one of the most common types, 62.5/125 micron loose tube. The numbers represent the diameters of the fiber core and cladding, these are measured in microns which are millionths of a metre. Loose tube fiber cable can be indoor or outdoor, or both, the outdoor cables usually have the tube filled with gel to act as a moisture barrier which stops the ingress of water. The number of cores in one cable can be anywhere from 4 to 144.<br />
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A variety of core sizes have been produced that are used in data communications. The 50/125 and 62.5/125 micron multi-mode cables are the most widely used in data networks, although recently the 62.5 has become the more popular choice.<br />
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The length limits for Gigabit Ethernet over 62.5/125 fiber has been reduced to around 220m, and now, using 8.3/125 may be the only choice for some campus size networks. Hopefully, this shift to single mode may start to bring the costs down.<br />
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4.Two basic cable designs<br />
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Loose-tube cable: used in the majority of outside-plant installations in North America.<br />
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Tight-buffered cable: primarily used inside buildings.<br />
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The modular design of loose-tube cables typically holds up to 12 fibers per buffer tube with a maximum per cable fiber count of more than 200 fibers. Loose-tube cables can be all-dielectric or optionally armored. The loose-tube design also helps in the identification and administration of fibers in the system.<br />
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Tight buffered cables are optimal for indoor applications. This design is suited for “jumper cables” which connect outside plant cables to terminal equipment, and also for linking various devices in a premises network. Being more robust than loose-tube cables, they are best suited for moderate length LAN or WAN connections, long indoor runs, direct burial, and for underwater use.<br />
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Rather than using the gel layer loose tube has, tight buffered cables have a two-layer coating. The first is plastic, and the other, waterproof acrylate. The acrylate keeps moisture away from the cable. The core is never exposed when bend or compressed underwater.<br />
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Next time, we will introduce the types of cable, connectors and adaptors for optical fiber cabling system. Any questions, please don’t hesitate to contact me and let’s discuss together. Email: sales@caledoniancable.com</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14855478605325661321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5567027332086528046.post-22016327572951167412016-08-10T02:11:00.001-07:002016-08-10T02:11:04.140-07:00CABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF #NEK 606 AND #IEC60092<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/NEK606_Water_Blocked/NEK606_Water_Blocked.htm">NEK 606</a> and <a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Offshore_Marine_Cables/index.html">IEC 60092</a> are the most popular standard to make sure the perfect performance for marine and shipboard cables. Some basic characteristics of <a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/NEK606_Water_Blocked/NEK606_Water_Blocked.htm">NEK 606</a> and <a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Offshore_Marine_Cables/index.html">IEC 60092 standard</a> are as follows:<br />
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1.Mud Resistant<br />
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The suitability of sheathing materials for use in areas in which the cables are exposed to drilling fluids is heavily dependent upon the type of fluid present. Each type of fluid contains additives which can have a deleterious effect on the sheathing material.<br />
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According to NEK 606, the mud resistant cables shall have a SHF Mud sheath that comply with the requirements in IEC 60092-359 for SHF2 and the below specified. The mud resistant cables shall be designed with sheathing compounds suitable for installation and operation in contact with MUD unless otherwise specified.<br />
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The MUD resistance test requirements for sheathing compounds SHF Mud are as follows:<br />
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2.Oil Resistance<br />
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All thermoset sheathed cables shall be suitable for an oil production installation. The oil resistance properties shall be demonstrated by a test according to IEC 60092-359 SHF2.<br />
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3.Flame Retardance<br />
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The cables shall withstand the test specified in IEC 60332-3-10, -22, -23, -24, -25. Single, earth and bonding wires shall withstand the test specified in IEC 60332-1 or IEC 60332-2.<br />
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4.Fire Resistance<br />
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Fire resistance cables shall be tested according to IEC 60331-11, -12, -21, -25 and -31.<br />
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5.Hydrocarbon (HCF) Fire Resistant<br />
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The purchaser shall specify which of the curves below in Figure 1 or 2 to comply with the HCF test.<br />
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The test requires no breakdown for 30 or 60 minutes when connected to operating voltage. Time to breakdown to be considered in agreement with the customer or approval authority.<br />
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6.Content of Halogen<br />
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All cables shall be halogen-free according to IEC 60754-1/2.<br />
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7.Smoke Emission<br />
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During a cable fire smoke emission shall be kept to a minimum value of 60% according to IEC 61034-1/2.<br />
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For detailed cable information please visit: <a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/NEK606_Water_Blocked/NEK606_Water_Blocked.html">http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/NEK606_Water_Blocked/NEK606_Water_Blocked.html</a><br />
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Or contact me: <a href="mailto:sales@caledoniancable.com">sales@caledoniancable.com</a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14855478605325661321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5567027332086528046.post-75792615438850608982016-08-03T00:57:00.002-07:002016-08-03T00:57:40.125-07:00NOWADAYS CABLE PRODUCTS APPLICATION IN RAILWAY TECHNOLOGY<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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It is hard to imagine today’s world without trains and other rail transportation vehicles. In the 19th century some wise persons made a key contribution to industrialization and today are fully integrated in the globalization of markets and growing urbanization. Rail-mounted vehicles can transport large number of people and goods safely, quickly, and efficiently even over great distances. Moreover, trains or rolling stocks are very environment-friendly in their use of electricity obtained from regenerative sources. The prerequisite for rail systems being able to function at all, however, is the products manufactured by the cable and cable-processing industry. They are to be found in all technical systems, for example in the wheel bearings and brakes, the drive systems and other engines, in on-board electronics, air-conditioning systems, lighting and information systems, door mechanisms, seats and interior cladding …</div>
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At first glance the most obvious cable products we would expect to find are the traction cables in the carriage bogies and, in the case of electrified lines, the overhead catenaries or power lines. The <a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Railway_Cables/Railway_Signalling_Cable.htm" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Traction Cables</a> are designed for protected, fixed installation inside and outside railway vehicles for connecting fixed and moving parts in direct current and alternating voltage technology, especially converter technology.</div>
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Many components require electrical power to be able to function. It is supplied through cables as the central element with high electrical conductivity. Around 3km of cables for example is installed in a double-deck carriage. The power supply is controlled by contact and circuit elements, in which innumerable springs, flexible parts and screws all play a part. Around 15,000 electrical clamping points are fitted in the carriage already mentioned. The figures relating to a modern high-speed locomotive such as the 109E from Škoda are even more impressive: The E-locomotive, which is authorized for speeds up to 200km/h and can travel though areas with different power feed systems, contains cables with a total length of around 30km.</div>
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Those <a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Railway_Cables/Railway_Signalling_Cable.htm" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Railway Power & Control Cables</a> are used most widely in railway technology. Normally they complied to France RATP Railway Standard and UK NETWORK RAIL Standard. Besides traction cables and railway Power & Control Cables, Caledonian can also provide: <a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Railway_Cables/Railway_Signalling_Cable.htm" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Signalling cables</a>, <a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Railway_Cables/Railway_Signalling_Cable.htm" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Telecom cables</a>, <a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Railway_Cables/Railway_Signalling_Cable.htm" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Databus cables</a>, <a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Railway_Cables/Railway_Signalling_Cable.htm" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">High temperature cables</a>, etc. for IEC standards, British standards, and French standards and so on.</div>
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Such an E-loco is supplied with the electrical power it needs to operate from the catenary lines positioned above the tracks. In addition to masts and crossbeams, the catenary system also comprises supporting railway cables and droppers, which are used to suspend the contact cable on the supporting cable. Both components are also produced from cable. If we take a look down towards the track installation, we notice further cable products: In this connection, a railway cable is positioned between the rails, the “track (line) conductor”, which ensures the inductive transmission of data to the rail-mounted vehicles and remote-controlled intervention in the train control system for example, if necessary, to initiate emergency braking.</div>
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Railway cable has been an indispensable communication component in the rail transport system right from the start. Other cable products instantly recognizable in track installations include screws, springs and flexible elements, which are used – in the case of specific platform design – to fasten the rails to the sleepers. Railways are dependent on cable products, which, upon closer inspection, also apply in equal measure for all areas of transport technology.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14855478605325661321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5567027332086528046.post-48504932683041823532016-08-03T00:56:00.002-07:002016-08-03T00:56:51.831-07:00GIANT TRANSIT ELEVATED BUS CAN HOLD 1,200 TO 1,400 PASSENGERS—HOW AUTOMOTIVE CABLES AND RAILWAY CABLES RELATED?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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It’s reported by Chinadaily that a new brand bus-Transit Elevated Bus was successfully invented and displayed at the Beijing International High-tech Expo on May 20.</div>
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TEB is a bus that straddles highway lanes to allow cars to pass beneath-a sort of moving tunnel-it looks like a giant double-decker but is hollow on the ground floor. Passengers can sit on the top floor while cars move below. Vehicles with a height less than two meters will be able to drive under the bus.</div>
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A model of the Transit Elevated Bus is displayed at the Beijing International High-tech Expo on May 20th</div>
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The TEB developer said it is a brand new tool for urban transportation that can help ease traffic congestion by creating roadway space.</div>
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Normally, a four-car TEB is 54 meters long, 4.5 to 4.7 meters high and 7.8 meters wide. It can hold 1,200 to 1,400 passengers, many times more than a traditional bus. Its carrying capacity is near that of a subway, but the cost of manufacturing and installing a TEB is much lower.</div>
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The electric system of TEB will synthesize the electric car system and railway system. Caledonian is profession cables manufacturer for automotive cables and railway cables.</div>
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The reduction of fuel consumption, increased needs for safety and higher requirements for equipment standards as well as reduced space conditions are the main requirements to modern cars, especially for the newly invented TEB bus. Caledonian can supply automotive cables to Germany standard, Japanese standard and American standard. For detailed product information please visit: <a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">www.caledoniancable.com</a><span class="_we" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span></div>
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<img alt="" class="_h2z _297z _usd img" id="u_0_4" src="https://scontent-sin1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/13407007_1724471821154622_5120002396359445112_n.jpg?oh=48425a94cfc0009ac85b62feca4cd9d5&oe=57F410DF" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%;" /><div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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automobile cables application in Giant Transit Elevated Bus</div>
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Railway cables are very important in order to meet the current challenges the railway industry is confronted with. It doesn´t matter if it is the current supply on board or in the base of the rail, various control tasks, data transmission or if a complete cable network is required-in all fields cables for highest performance requirements are needed. Caledonian provide kinds of cables for railway application. Including: traction cables, Signaling cables, Telecom cables, Power cables, Control cables, Databus cables, High temperature cables, etc. for IEC standards, British standards, French standards and so on. These cables are used in railway station or trackside. Detailed information please visit:<a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Railway_Cables/Railway_Signalling_Cable.htm" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Railway_Cables/Railway_Signalling_Cable.htm</a> Giant Transit Elevated Bus can hold 1,200 to 1,400 passengers</div>
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Any enquiries or questions about cables, Amanda would love to help. Please contact: sales@caledoniancable.com</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14855478605325661321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5567027332086528046.post-27023453514983439482016-08-03T00:56:00.000-07:002016-08-03T00:56:04.571-07:00CALEDONIAN TRACTION CABLES/GKW CABLES<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The Traction Cables are designed for protected, fixed installation inside and outside railway vehicles for connecting fixed and moving parts in direct current and alternating voltage technology, especially converter technology.</div>
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We usually call GKW Cables short for Traction Cables, and named the model according to the cable’s construction. Please see the cable code designation picture below:</div>
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<img alt="" class="_h2z _297z _usd img" id="u_0_3" src="https://scontent-sin1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/13445368_1731271290474675_4006271534261510924_n.jpg?oh=e8e00a1d8b2274b8743bf96cf104f2fe&oe=57C62F4F" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%;" /><div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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cable code designation for Caledonian traction cables/GKW cables</div>
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From the model, you can recognize the testing voltage, electron-beam cross-linked insulation, cold resistant, heat resistant, number of cores, wall thickness(including reduced wall/thin wall, dual wall and medium wall), and whether it’s screened and fire resistant or not.</div>
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Such as, model: <a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Railway_Cables/3GKW-DW-S_EMC.htm" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">3GKW-DW/S EMC</a>. It’s a 0.6/1KV Dual Wall Screened Multicore traction cable. It’s also one kind of power and control cable. Specific structure is as follows:</div>
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<img alt="" class="_h2z _297z _usd img" id="u_0_4" src="https://scontent-sin1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/13516651_1731272133807924_2259479171931225367_n.jpg?oh=5e0a4ee355d280df286d49ff16390067&oe=5806F5FC" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%;" /><div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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caledonian traction cable/GKW cable Model:3GKW-DW/S EMC</div>
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3GKW-DW/S EMC traction cables are compiled to BS 6853 -1a, DIN 5510-2 1-4, NFF 16-101 F0 standard. More information about this kind of cable please visit:<a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Railway_Cables/3GKW-DW-S_EMC.htm" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Railway_Cables/3GKW-DW-S_EMC.htm</a></div>
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We’ve got many other kinds of traction cables and high temperature cables for railway application, you are welcome to visit<a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Railway_Cables/Railway_Signalling_Cable.htm" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Railway_Cables/Railway_Signalling_Cable.htm</a> Or just email us at sales@caledoniancable.com for direct contact.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14855478605325661321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5567027332086528046.post-25766803063317314632016-08-03T00:55:00.001-07:002016-08-03T00:55:15.467-07:00CALEDONIAN FLAME RETARDANT CABLES<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Caledonian established in 1978, is a professional manufacturer of <a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Fire-Resisting-Cable/Fire-Resisting-Cable.htm" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">flame retardant and fire resistant cables</a>.</div>
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<a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Fire-Retardant-Cable/Fire-Retardant-Cable.htm" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Flame Retardant cables</a> are designed for use in fire situations where the spread of flames along a cable route needs to be retarded. Due to relative low cost, <a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Fire-Retardant-Cable/Fire-Retardant-Cable.htm" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">fire retardant cables</a> are widely used as fire survival cables.</div>
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Flame retardant cables are not rated to continue to operate under fire circumstance but it will resist the propagation of fire into a new area by having behavior in fire under defined conditions which is proven by passing the test as per <a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/product.htm" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">IEC 60332</a>.</div>
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In the event of fire, the ordinary flame retardant cable may produce a large amount of corrosive gases and smoke after combustion, and can be used in general occasions with low flame retardant requirement.</div>
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Ordinary flame retardant cable’s flammability has A, B, C, D four categories:</div>
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For Class A and Class B fire tests, the fire time is 40 minutes, and for Class C and Class D fire tests, the fire time is 20 minutes, and the charring height does not exceed 2.5 m.</div>
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The outer sheath of Caledonian flame retardant cables is flame retardant PVC. These cables are slightly more expensive than normal PVC cables and are widely used in power stations,mass transit underground passenger systems, airports, petrochemical plants, hotels, hospitals, and high-rise buildings and etc.</div>
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Caledonian fire retardant cables consist of a wide range of <a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Power_Cables/index.htm" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">power cables</a>, <a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/control_cable/index.htm" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">control cables</a>,<a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Instrumentation_Cables/index.htm" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">instrumentation cables</a>, <a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/RG_Coax.htm" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">coaxial cables</a>, and Cat5 & 6 cables, all of which comply with the main international standards (<a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/other_standards/IEC_60502-1_Cable/IEC_60502-1_Cable.htm" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">IEC 60502-1</a>,<a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/British_Standards/BS_6724/BS_6724_Cable.htm" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">BS 6724</a>,<a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/British_Standards/BS_5308/BS_5308_Cable.htm" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">BS 5308</a>,<a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/British_Standards/BS_7211/BS_7211_Cable.htm" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">BS 7211</a>, BS 5308 Part1 Type1 & 2,BS 5308 Part 1 Type 1,BS 5308 Part 1 Type 2 ,EN50173,EIA/TIA 485, MIL-C-17,Telcordia GR409-core/ TIA/EIA 568B.3 / ICEA-S-83-596,Telcordia GR-20 /RUS 7 CFR 1755.900 (REA PE-90) / ICEA S 87-640,and etc.).</div>
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For more information, please visit our website: <span style="border: 0px; color: #0066cc; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.caledoniancable.com</a></span> or email us at sales@caledoniancable.com.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14855478605325661321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5567027332086528046.post-57487094958925554892016-07-27T02:30:00.002-07:002016-07-27T02:37:45.440-07:00CALEDONIAN RAILWAY POWER AND CONTROL CABLES<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Caledonian railway power and control cables are designed for fixed power or lighting installations in rail transport. Rating voltage can be 300/500V, 450/750V, 0.6/1KV, 1800V, 300V, 11KV, 33KV, 12/20(24)KV, etc.</div>
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Railway power cables are for power networks, underground, outdoors and in cable ducting, in particular for installation where fi re, smoke emission and toxic fumes create a potential threat. Railway control cables can be used for track feeder cables, conduit wires, Track Circuit Feeder Cables, etc. To make sure the perfect electric performance and to meet customers’ needs, Caledonian railway power cables and railway control cables comply to the standards below:</div>
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1.French Standard: NF F 55-625</div>
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2.IEC standard: IEC 60502-2, IEC60840, IEC60092</div>
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3.British standard: BS 638 Part 4,BS 5467,BS 6346, BS 6622, BS 6234, BS 7454,BS 6387 CWZ, BS 5839-1 , BS 5839-1 Enhanced, BS 6485, BS 7346-6, BS 7835, BS EN 50267-2-1, BS EN 60702, BS 7919, BS 7655, BS 6883 Type 657 SW4, BS 7629-1/ 5839-1: 2002/ 8434-1: 2003/6387 C W Z, BS EN 50200 (PH90),</div>
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4.UNE standard: UNE 21123, UNE 21027, UNE 211002, UNE 211025,</div>
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5.EME SP standard: EME SP 14 025 (replaced by LUL 1-108 and Metronet MR SE908), EME SP 14 026 (LUL version of BS 7211), EME SP 14 027, EME SP 14 028</div>
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6. NR/PS/ELP/ standard: NR/PS/ELP/21101 (formerly RT/E/S/21101) NR/SP/ELP/40045 (formerly RT/E/PS/40045) NR/PS/TEL/31102(BR1817) NR/PS/ELP/00008(formerly RT/E/PS/00008)</div>
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7.Other European standard: BR880, SE260, SE774, SE895, SE902, SE1047, DIN VDE 0250-602, CENELEC HD 620, C 33-226</div>
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Caledonian railway cables also including Traction Cables, Signaling & Control Cables, Telecom Cables, Power & Control Cables, Databus Cables and High Temperature Cable.</div>
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You are welcome to visit our dedicated website for railway cables:<a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Railway_Cables/Railway_Signalling_Cable.htm" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Railway_Cables/Railway_Signalling_Cable.htm</a></div>
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Or email me for direct contact to sales@caledoniancable.com</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14855478605325661321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5567027332086528046.post-11934004804837333302016-07-27T02:20:00.002-07:002016-07-27T02:20:24.143-07:00LASER SURFACE PREPARATION OF ALUMINUM CONDUCTOR APPLIED IN CABLES MANUFACTURING<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Joining carbon fiber composites and aluminum for lightweight cars and other multi-material high-end products could become less expensive, and the joints more robust, using a new laser surface-preparation method developed by researchers at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL).</div>
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The process, developed by a team led by ORNL senior R&D staff member Adrian Sabau, replaces the practice of preparing a surface for bonding by hand using abrasive pads, grit blasting and environmentally harmful solvents. The team found that using a laser to remove layers of material from such surfaces improves the performance of the joints and provides a path toward automation for high-volume use.</div>
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Sabau says “Our technique is vastly superior to the conventional surface preparation methods, combined with the potentially dramatic reduction in the cost of carbon fiber polymer composites, this represents an important step toward increasing the use of this lightweight high-strength material in automobiles, which could reduce the weight of cars and trucks by 750 pounds.”</div>
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The surface treatment of aluminum and carbon fiber polymer composite is a critical step in the adhesive joining process, which directly affects the quality of bonded joints. Aluminum surfaces typically contain oils and other contaminants from production rolling operations, while carbon fiber surfaces often contain mold releases.</div>
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“These surface contaminants affect surface energies and the quality of adhesion, so it is critical that they are removed,” says Sabau, adding that the laser also penetrates into the top resin layer, leaving individual carbon fibers exposed for direct bonding to the adhesive and increasing the surface area for better adhesion.</div>
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Testing of single-lap, shear-joint specimens showed that strength, maximum load and displacement at maximum load were increased by 15%, 16% and 100%, respectively, over those measured for the baseline joints. Moreover, joints made with laser-structured surfaces could absorb approximately 200% more energy than conventionally prepared baseline joints, the researchers report.</div>
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Sabau notes that the process also doubles the energy absorption in the joints, which has implications for crash safety and potential use in armor protection for people and vehicles.</div>
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A project partner of Magna International, Tim Skszek says “The results are most encouraging, enabling the automated processing of a multi-material carbon fiber-aluminum joint. With this work, we were able to focus on addressing the gaps in technology and commercial use, and we look forward to applying these findings to products.”</div>
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Caledonian <a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/automotive-cables/automotive-cables.htm" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Single-core Automotive cable</a> (Model: FLALRYW) to ISO 6722 Class C standard is one of the <a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/automotive-cables/automotive-cables.htm" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Automotive cables</a> used aluminum and aluminum alloy as conductor. It’s PVC insulated and suitable for application inside the engine compartment. Aluminium conductor applied in automotive cables manufacturing has some special properties: hot pressure resistance, considerable weight savings compared to copper, etc.</div>
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<a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/automotive-cables/FLALRY.htm" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/automotive-cables/FLALRY.htm</a></div>
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Caledonian also have other cable products used aluminium in cables manufacturing:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Trackside Signalling Aluminium Power Cables to BR880: the conductors used sector shaped solid plain aluminium to IEC 60228 class 2 or 5 standard.<a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Railway_Cables/Power_Control/Signalling_Aluminium.htm" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Railway_Cables/Power_Control/Signalling_Aluminium.htm</a></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cables with aluminium wire armour. Aluminium wire armour can protect cables from damage with lighter weight than copper wires. Such as 400Hz Airport Cables 7-core With Aluminium Wire Armour to BS 6724 and BS 5467 standard.<br /><a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/english/product/airport_cable/airport_lighting_cables/7-core_Aluminium.html" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.caledoniancable.com/english/product/airport_cable/airport_lighting_cables/7-core_Aluminium.html</a></li>
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Or 600/1000V, PVC Insulated Cables according to IEC 60502-1 with aluminium wire armourd.<br /><a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/product/other%20standards/IEC_60502-1_Cable/XLPE_Insulated_Cables_IEC%2060502-1(unarmoured).htm" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.caledoniancable.com/product/other%20standards/IEC_60502- 1_Cable/XLPE_Insulated_Cables_IEC%2060502-1(unarmoured).htm</a></div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cables with Aluminium/Polyester Tape. In cables construction, Aluminium/Polyester Tape can be used as overall screen to avoid the electromagnetic interference. Such as the Multipair Overall Screened Cables, they have pairs laid up in an aluminum/polyester tape with a tinned copper drain wire, and are suitable for used as audio, control and instrumentation cables.<br /><a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/product/Belden%20Equivalent%20Cables/8718.htm" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.caledoniancable.com/product/Belden%20Equivalent%20Cables/8718.htm</a></li>
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Caledonian Cables Ltd is an ISO 9001 approved manufacturer of electric cables. We specialise in the manufacture of a wide range of cables. Armored, non-armored, underwater and overhead cables are produced to international quality standards or composite construction to customers’ specification incorporating other services when required. Any enquiries, please feel free to contact us, email: <a href="mailto:sales@caledoniancable.com">sales@caledoniancable.com</a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14855478605325661321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5567027332086528046.post-67615025791418422412016-07-27T02:14:00.003-07:002016-07-27T02:14:57.169-07:00CABLES DE INSTRUMENTO DE CALEDONIAN<article class="post-254 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-1982 without-featured-image" id="post-254" style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 3em; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;"><div class="entry-body" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 1.5em 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 146px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span class="" id="ouHighlight__0_9TO0_9" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/index.htm" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Caledonian</a></span><span id="noHighlight_0.488549793837592" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__11_16TO11_16" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ofrece</span><span id="noHighlight_0.4823493694420904" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__18_20TO18_20" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">una</span><span id="noHighlight_0.8252387163229287" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__22_23TO22_23" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">de</span><span id="noHighlight_0.9544210648164153" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__25_27TO25_27" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">las</span><span id="noHighlight_0.1805238537490368" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__29_32TO29_31" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">más</span><span id="noHighlight_0.8844713433645666" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__34_41TO33_41" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">completas</span><span id="noHighlight_0.8715636949054897" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__43_47TO43_48" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">líneas</span><span id="noHighlight_0.3171096835285425" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__49_50TO50_51" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">de</span><span id="noHighlight_0.6998058075550944" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__52_56TO53_57" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">fibra</span><span id="noHighlight_0.45570871653035283" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__58_60TO59_59" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">y</span><span id="noHighlight_0.5308787373360246" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__62_67TO61_65" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">cobre</span><span id="noHighlight_0.6849801528733224" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de </span><span id="ouHighlight__84_92TO70_79" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">soluciones</span><span id="noHighlight_0.10180345457047224" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">de </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__77_82TO84_90" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sistema</span><span id="noHighlight_0.4870652861427516" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__94_97TO92_94" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">con</span><span id="noHighlight_0.7296714179683477" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__99_102TO96_100" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sobre</span><span id="noHighlight_0.9044162405189127" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__104_111TO102_108" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">cientos</span><span id="noHighlight_0.599201139761135" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__113_114TO110_111" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">de</span><span id="noHighlight_0.7777247715275735" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__116_124TO113_122" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">diferentes</span><span id="noHighlight_0.2754400942940265" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__141_148TO124_132" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">productos</span><span id="noHighlight_0.3322871718555689" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__126_132TO134_141" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">cableado</span><span id="noHighlight_0.0010788950603455305" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de </span><span id="ouHighlight__134_139TO146_152" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sistema</span><span id="noHighlight_0.34954531909897923" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de </span><span id="ouHighlight__69_75TO157_164" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">cableado</span><span id="noHighlight_0.08175257756374776" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span id="noHighlight_0.8924067209009081" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__151_153TO167_174" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nuestros</span><span id="noHighlight_0.9046859527006745" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__164_171TO176_184" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">productos</span><span id="noHighlight_0.5960546140559018" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__155_162TO189_204" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">calidad superior</span><span id="noHighlight_0.1038986339699477" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__173_179TO206_217" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">proporcionan</span><span id="noHighlight_0.4286086931824684" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__181_192TO219_228" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">vanguardia</span><span id="noHighlight_0.7609784717205912" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__194_199TO230_235" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">dentro</span><span id="noHighlight_0.42629500152543187" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">de </span><span id="ouHighlight__201_205TO240_243" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">cada</span><span id="noHighlight_0.1241251640021801" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__213_218TO245_249" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">serie</span><span id="noHighlight_0.9105588691309094" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de </span><span id="ouHighlight__207_211TO254_258" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">cable</span><span id="noHighlight_0.30433900584466755" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__220_222TO260_260" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">y</span><span id="noHighlight_0.4384680849034339" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__224_226TO262_265" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">para</span><span id="noHighlight_0.5410395301878452" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__228_232TO267_270" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">cada</span><span id="noHighlight_0.9074668728280813" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__234_244TO272_281" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">aplicación</span><span id="noHighlight_0.5704997985158116" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/index.htm" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"><span class="" id="ouHighlight__27_32TO0_5" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cables</span><span id="noHighlight_0.19028826197609305" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de </span><span id="ouHighlight__11_25TO10_24" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">instrumentación</span><span id="noHighlight_0.766363445436582" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__0_9TO26_34" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Caledonian</span><span id="noHighlight_0.4766586299519986" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></a><span id="ouHighlight__34_36TO36_40" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">están</span><span id="noHighlight_0.2834153336007148" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__38_46TO42_54" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">especialmente</span><span id="noHighlight_0.8599891434423625" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__48_55TO56_64" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">diseñados</span><span id="noHighlight_0.6138531463220716" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__57_58TO66_69" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">para</span><span id="noHighlight_0.8768275284674019" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__60_67TO71_80" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">transmitir</span><span id="noHighlight_0.1576834600418806" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__69_75TO82_88" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">señales</span><span id="noHighlight_0.01452596508897841" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span id="ouHighlight__77_83TO90_92" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sin</span><span id="noHighlight_0.6786701602395624" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__85_87TO94_100" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ninguna</span><span id="noHighlight_0.33684367360547185" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__98_109TO102_114" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">interferencia</span><span id="noHighlight_0.37168799014762044" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__89_96TO116_122" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">externa</span><span id="noHighlight_0.3673931295052171" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span id="noHighlight_0.06939356657676399" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__112_120TO125_136" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Generalmente</span><span id="noHighlight_0.053375517250970006" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__122_125TO138_146" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">utilizado</span><span id="noHighlight_0.3747425847686827" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__127_132TO148_149" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">en</span><span id="noHighlight_0.5877119265496731" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__159_164TO151_157" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">plantas</span><span id="noHighlight_0.4696716198232025" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de</span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__145_157TO162_172" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">fabricación</span><span id="noHighlight_0.23114051017910242" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__134_143TO174_183" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">industrial</span><span id="noHighlight_0.5858771533239633" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span id="ouHighlight__166_168TO185_188" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">para</span><span id="noHighlight_0.4162454823963344" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> el </span><span id="ouHighlight__170_176TO193_199" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">control</span><span id="noHighlight_0.04964620294049382" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span id="noHighlight_0.06676611979492009" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__179_191TO202_213" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">comunicación</span><span id="noHighlight_0.6460117099341005" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span id="noHighlight_0.6030460589099675" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__222_228TO216_222" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">señales</span><span id="noHighlight_0.03584457351826131" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de </span><span id="ouHighlight__209_220TO227_237" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">transmisión</span><span id="noHighlight_0.41332415980286896" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de </span><span id="ouHighlight__203_207TO242_244" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">voz</span><span id="noHighlight_0.07605207664892077" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__199_201TO246_246" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">y</span><span id="noHighlight_0.2917000474408269" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__194_197TO248_252" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">datos</span><span id="noHighlight_0.13774164486676455" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span id="noHighlight_0.5520867600571364" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__231_235TO255_259" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Estos</span><span id="noHighlight_0.008686650078743696" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__237_242TO261_266" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">cables</span><span id="noHighlight_0.6928781305905432" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__244_246TO268_269" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">se</span><span id="noHighlight_0.46820102841593325" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__248_251TO271_278" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">utilizan</span><span id="noHighlight_0.8489486002363265" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__253_261TO280_290" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">normalmente</span><span id="noHighlight_0.4807382442522794" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__263_264TO292_293" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">en</span><span id="noHighlight_0.76208755816333" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__277_284TO295_303" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">proyectos</span><span id="noHighlight_0.5241078634280711" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__266_275TO305_316" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">industriales</span><span id="noHighlight_0.6177805627230555" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span id="noHighlight_0.48921385826542974" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__296_299TO319_325" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">También</span><span id="noHighlight_0.6629661966580898" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__292_294TO327_328" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">se</span><span id="noHighlight_0.3731217896565795" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__301_304TO330_337" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">utilizan</span><span id="noHighlight_0.31801368459127843" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__306_307TO339_342" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">para</span><span id="noHighlight_0.7945199296809733" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__309_315TO344_351" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">conectar</span><span id="noHighlight_0.10076784109696746" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__339_346TO353_361" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">circuitos</span><span id="noHighlight_0.8093181734438986" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de</span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__328_337TO366_377" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">instrumentos</span><span id="noHighlight_0.9034869037568569" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__317_326TO379_388" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">eléctricos</span><span id="noHighlight_0.8390446393750608" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__348_350TO390_390" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">y</span><span id="noHighlight_0.05023176153190434" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__374_381TO392_400" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">servicios</span><span id="noHighlight_0.6374890683218837" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__360_372TO405_416" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">comunicación</span><span id="noHighlight_0.8086713226512074" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__383_384TO418_419" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">en</span><span id="noHighlight_0.4962665089406073" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__386_388TO421_421" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">y</span><span id="noHighlight_0.8190685259178281" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__390_395TO423_431" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">alrededor</span><span id="noHighlight_0.811390649760142" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__405_410TO436_446" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">las plantas</span><span id="noHighlight_0.51686219451949" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de </span><span id="ouHighlight__397_403TO451_457" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">proceso</span><span id="noHighlight_0.2263721434865147" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span id="ouHighlight__412_415TO459_461" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">con</span><span id="noHighlight_0.48756731557659805" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__431_438TO463_475" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">transferencia</span><span id="noHighlight_0.8427688730880618" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de la </span><span id="ouHighlight__424_429TO483_487" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">señal</span><span id="noHighlight_0.06409393856301904" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de </span><span id="ouHighlight__417_422TO492_498" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">detalle.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="" id="ouHighlight__0_9TO0_9" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/index.htm" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Caledonian</a></span><span id="noHighlight_0.6261771961580962" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__11_13TO11_15" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">puede</span><span id="noHighlight_0.0605855449102819" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__15_19TO17_23" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ofrecer</span><span id="noHighlight_0.3826684169471264" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__21_35TO25_39" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">instrumentación</span><span id="noHighlight_0.3748905265238136" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__37_39TO41_41" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">y</span><span id="noHighlight_0.15435690712183714" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__49_54TO43_48" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">cables</span><span id="noHighlight_0.9011430896352977" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__41_47TO53_59" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">control</span><span id="noHighlight_0.566103124525398" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__56_57TO61_62" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">de</span><span id="noHighlight_0.05028778989799321" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__69_77TO64_69" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">normas</span><span id="noHighlight_0.6628685174509883" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__59_67TO71_80" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">diferentes</span><span id="noHighlight_0.3265532592777163" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">:</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/British_Standards/BS_5308/BS_5308_Cable.htm" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"><span class="" id="ouHighlight__24_29TO0_5" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cables</span><span id="noHighlight_0.5481732711195946" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de </span><span id="ouHighlight__8_22TO10_24" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">instrumentación</span><span id="noHighlight_0.7417939160950482" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__0_1TO26_27" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">BS</span><span id="noHighlight_0.6384248512331396" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__3_6TO29_32" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5308</span></a></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/British_Standards/BS_5308/PAS_5308/PAS_5308_Cable.htm" target="_blank"><span class="" id="ouHighlight__35_40TO0_5" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cables</span><span id="noHighlight_0.3933051584754139" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de </span><span id="ouHighlight__9_23TO10_24" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">instrumentación</span><span id="noHighlight_0.3822091731708497" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__25_25TO26_26" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">y</span><span id="noHighlight_0.21295000542886555" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__27_33TO28_34" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">control</span><span id="noHighlight_0.34846779704093933" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de </span><span id="ouHighlight__4_7TO39_42" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5308</span><span id="noHighlight_0.8819272667169571" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__0_2TO44_46" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PAS</span></a></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="" id="ouHighlight__37_42TO0_5" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cables</span><span id="noHighlight_0.19788196915760636" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__11_25TO10_24" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">instrumentación</span><span id="noHighlight_0.8335003370884806" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__27_27TO26_26" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">y</span><span id="noHighlight_0.98901342228055" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__29_35TO28_34" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">control</span><span id="noHighlight_0.8706884663552046" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__0_1TO36_37" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">EN</span><span id="noHighlight_0.6642636815086007" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__3_9TO39_45" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">50288-7</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Instrumentation_Cables/NF_M_87-202/EGSF.htm" target="_blank"><span id="ouHighlight__50_55TO0_5" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cables</span><span id="noHighlight_0.18023412954062223" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__39_48TO10_20" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">instrumento</span><span id="noHighlight_0.6570549590978771" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__30_37TO22_29" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">estándar</span><span id="noHighlight_0.5431163972243667" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__23_28TO31_37" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">francés</span><span id="noHighlight_0.3833645188715309" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__0_1TO39_40" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">NF</span><span id="noHighlight_0.1629778346978128" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__3_12TO42_53" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">M87-202 y NF</span><span id="noHighlight_0.344003131845966" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__14_14TO55_55" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">F</span><span id="noHighlight_0.2591926569584757" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__16_21TO57_62" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">63-808</span></a></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Marine_Cables/marine_cable.html" target="_blank"><span id="ouHighlight__34_39TO0_5" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cables</span><span id="noHighlight_0.2641497734002769" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__18_32TO10_24" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">instrumentación</span><span id="noHighlight_0.631983732804656" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de </span><span id="ouHighlight__11_16TO29_34" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">marine</span><span id="noHighlight_0.5506698780227453" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__9_9TO36_36" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">&</span><span id="noHighlight_0.5588732552714646" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__0_7TO38_46" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">offshores</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/English/product/Marine_Cables/marine_cable.html" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"><span id="ouHighlight__51_56TO0_5" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cables</span><span id="noHighlight_0.08581342338584363" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de </span><span id="ouHighlight__35_49TO10_24" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">instrumentación</span><span id="noHighlight_0.23683441011235118" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__19_33TO26_33" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ignífugo</span><span id="noHighlight_0.09852988505735993" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__15_17TO35_35" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">y</span><span id="noHighlight_0.48895956319756806" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__5_13TO37_49" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">resistente al</span><span id="noHighlight_0.8431490955408663" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__0_3TO51_55" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">fuego</span></a></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="" id="ouHighlight__27_32TO0_5" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cables</span><span id="noHighlight_0.5580871966667473" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de </span><span id="ouHighlight__11_25TO10_24" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">instrumentación</span><span id="noHighlight_0.28536698571406305" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de </span><span id="ouHighlight__0_9TO29_38" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Caledonian</span><span id="noHighlight_0.09722933429293334" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> se </span><span id="ouHighlight__34_36TO43_48" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">pueden</span><span id="noHighlight_0.11746091232635081" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__41_48TO50_61" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">proporcionar</span><span id="noHighlight_0.5943527447525412" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__55_57TO63_66" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">todo</span><span id="noHighlight_0.07433679117821157" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__59_62TO68_71" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">tipo</span><span id="noHighlight_0.2533950009383261" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__64_65TO73_74" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">de</span><span id="noHighlight_0.5962065460626036" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__77_83TO76_83" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">informes</span><span id="noHighlight_0.4007571851834655" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de</span><span id="ouHighlight__72_75TO88_93" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">prueba</span><span id="noHighlight_0.8097795557696372" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de </span><span id="ouHighlight__67_70TO98_102" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">fuego</span><span id="noHighlight_0.23949717613868415" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span id="noHighlight_0.16788815148174763" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__86_92TO105_108" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">como</span><span id="noHighlight_0.8917582172434777" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__94_101TO110_117" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">IEC60331</span><span id="noHighlight_0.3735134524758905" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span id="noHighlight_0.5339696975424886" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__104_111TO120_127" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">IEC60332</span><span id="noHighlight_0.5109035666100681" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span id="noHighlight_0.5797043479979038" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__114_122TO130_136" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">EN50200</span><span id="ouHighlight__123_123TO137_140" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, BS</span><span id="noHighlight_0.07124726544134319" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__125_128TO142_145" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">6387</span><span id="noHighlight_0.6759392491076142" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__130_132TO147_149" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">CWZ</span><span id="noHighlight_0.10669625410810113" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__134_145TO151_155" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">según</span><span id="noHighlight_0.796808235347271" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__162_173TO157_170" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">requerimientos</span><span id="noHighlight_0.31002540816552937" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de</span><span id="ouHighlight__147_149TO175_182" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">nuestros</span><span id="noHighlight_0.750309837050736" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__151_159TO184_191" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">clientes</span><span id="noHighlight_0.08761277724988759" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span id="noHighlight_0.6471944679506123" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__197_200TO194_199" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Equipo</span><span id="noHighlight_0.7927233825903386" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__187_195TO201_207" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">técnico</span><span id="noHighlight_0.7276313533075154" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> de </span><span id="ouHighlight__176_185TO212_221" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Caledonian</span><span id="noHighlight_0.3980823156889528" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__202_210TO223_231" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">trabajará</span><span id="noHighlight_0.4255270704161376" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__212_215TO233_235" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">con</span><span id="noHighlight_0.2684786110185087" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__217_219TO237_245" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">cualquier</span><span id="noHighlight_0.7825022034812719" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__221_227TO247_254" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">problema</span><span id="noHighlight_0.5708630876615644" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__229_239TO256_265" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">para poder</span><span id="noHighlight_0.8538213225547224" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span id="ouHighlight__241_247TO267_274" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">entregar</span><span id="noHighlight_0.5460845942143351" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__249_251TO276_277" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">la</span><span id="noHighlight_0.08512234897352755" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__253_256TO279_283" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">mejor</span><span id="noHighlight_0.7471144536975771" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__258_265TO285_292" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">solución</span><span id="noHighlight_0.2513830051757395" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__267_269TO294_297" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">para</span><span id="noHighlight_0.46598777011968195" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__271_273TO299_306" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">nuestros</span><span id="noHighlight_0.56055823341012" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__275_283TO308_315" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">clientes</span><span id="noHighlight_0.7883561723865569" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="highlighted" id="ouHighlight__0_2TO0_3" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Para</span><span id="noHighlight_0.3361346507444978" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__4_7TO5_15" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">obtener más</span><span id="noHighlight_0.4744897747877985" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span id="ouHighlight__9_14TO17_24" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">detalles</span><span id="noHighlight_0.09857298573479056" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__16_21TO26_34" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">por favor</span><span id="noHighlight_0.3796963745262474" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__23_27TO36_41" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">visite:</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.caledoniancable.com/" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">http://www.caledoniancable.com/</a></div>
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<span class="" id="ouHighlight__0_1TO0_0" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">O</span><span id="noHighlight_0.7168164867907763" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="highlighted" id="ouHighlight__3_9TO2_9" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">contacte</span><span id="noHighlight_0.13723647710867226" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="" id="ouHighlight__11_12TO11_12" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">al:<a href="mailto:sales@caledoniancable.com" style="border: 0px; color: #e1122a; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">sales@caledoniancable.com</a></span></div>
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</article>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14855478605325661321noreply@blogger.com0